prokaryote | no nucleus & no membrane bound organelles |
eukaryote | membrane bound organelles & nucleus |
organelles | nucleus, mitochondria, e.r, chloroplast, golgi, vacuole, lysosome; make cell efficient by adding a membrane |
all cells have | dna, ribosomes, cell membrane, cytosol (liquid that all chemical reactions and cell components are suspended in) |
efficiency | high surface area to volume ratio (small cells) |
why are cells different? | they make different proteins in ribosomes |
how do organelles make cells efficient | make cells efficient by adding membrane |
(structure) phospholipid bilayer/plasma membrane | phosphate (polar)
lipid (nonpolar) |
(function) selectively permeable | allows passage of certain molecules based on structure (oxygen, nutrients, waste) |
isn't connect; free to move | phospholipid bilayer |
protein channel | types of protein channels determines what it lets in; makes more protein channels if it needs to |
water | holds cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) together |
plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer) | selectively permeable |
nucleus | genetic instructions are housed here (DNA) |
ribosomes (not an organelle) | produce proteins in cytosol (free) or the outside of the ER or nuclear envelope (bound) |
mitochondria | releases energy (atp) after taking in sugar; change energy from one form to another; has 2 membrane to increase surface area (increase efficiency) |
chloroplasts | photosynthesis/store energy; change energy from one form to another |
golgi | package and modify (may add molecules to make final functional state) |
lysosomes | contains hydrolytic enzymes for breaking down substances (macromolecules) |
centrioles | needed for mitosis/meiosis |
cell fractionation | takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another; enables scientists to determine functions of organelles |
Blood (top to bottom) | Plasma (water, ions, sugar, CO2)
White blood cell
Red Blood Cell (most dense) |
where is gravity on the space station? | on the outside |
what do phospholipids selectively choose? (property) | first big or small (small)
small: oxygen, co2, water, salt
big: sugar, hormones, proteins, amino acids
big molecules use protein channel
NONPOLAR HYDROPHOBIC can pass through |
why are plant cells efficient? | plant cells have no surface area in vacuole |
not membrane bound | ribosome |
types of domains | prokaryote vs. eukaryote |
types of kingdoms | animal, plant, archaebacteria, eubacteria, fungi, protist |
identifying using microscopes | look for ones by themselves |
staphylo | clump |
chain | strepto |
circles | cocci |
rods | bicillis |
histone proteins | increases surface area and allows for reading of any section (chromatin) |
free ribosomes | freely float around in cytosol |
attached ribosomes | bound to outside of endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope |
endomembrane system (similar to essay) | creates modifies and transports proteins; made of phospholipids; nucleus, er, golgi, lysosome, vacuole, vesicles, plasma membrane |
smooth ER | makes lipids (hydrophobic) |
rough ER | has ribosomes on the surface; makes proteins (hydrophilic) |
litic | to break down |
glycoprotein | (cell ID) identifies; ex: bacteria cells don't have same ___ as your cell |
microfilament (support beams) | structural; flexible; gives cells shape |
microtubules | hollow tubes; thicker; transports things (motor proteins walk on it) |
open end | uglena |
cillia | paramecium |
vacuoles | storage; pump excess water out of the cells (contractile-freshwater protists); hold organic compounds and water (central) |
cell wall | found in plants and prokaryotes; protects, maintains shape, prevents excess water uptake |
extracellular matrix | environment outside of the cell |
plasmodesmata | plants; connects cytoplasm |
tight | keeps something inside; prevents leakage of extracellular fluid (epithelial tissues that line organs); force things (bladder) |
desmosomes | hold tissues together (skin, heart, muscles); things can freely pass through |
vesicle | membrane bound sack that stores and transports substances |