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level: Key Terms

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Key Terms

Question	Answer
the region where the RNA polymerase binds to being transcription	promoter gene
the region where the RNA polymerase binds to being transcription	promoter gene
the region where the RNA polymerase binds to being transcription	promoter gene
the building blocks of DNA	nucleotides
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine	nitrogenous bases
small double-stranded circular DNA molecules	plasmids
the linkage of nucleotides	phosphodiester bonds
guanine always goes with cytosine and adenine with thymine	base pairing
the linkage of DNA strands together	hydrogen bonds
all of the DNA for a species	genome
each separate chunk of DNA in a genome	chromosome
the proteins that DNA is wrapped around	histone
the groups that histones are bunched into	nucleosome
the genetic material is in a loose form in the nucleus	euchromatin
the genetic material is fully condensed into coils	heterochromatin
the copying of DNA	DNA replication
an enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds in DNA	helicase
the site at which DNA replication begins	origins of replication
cuts and rejoins the helix to prevent tangling	topoisomerases
the enzyme that performs the actual addition of nucleotides to the freshly built strands	DNA polymerase
the strand of DNA that is made continuously	leading strand
the strand of DNA that is made discontinuously	lagging strand
the small pieces of DNA created by the lagging strand	Okazaki fragments
the enzyme that binds the Okazaki fragments	DNA ligase
DNA replicates in a way that conserves half of the original molecule in each of the two new ones	semiconservative
the ends of a DNA molecule that shorten overtime	telomeres
the process of RNA to DNA	transcription
the process of RNA to protein production	translation
DNA -> RNA -> proteins	Central Dogma of Biology
the nitrogenous base that replaces thymine in RNA	uracil
a temporary RNA version that gets sent to the ribosome	messenger RNA (mRNA)
produced in the nucleolus and makes up part of the ribosome	ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
shuttles amino acid to the ribosomes	transfer RNA (tRNA)
small snippets of RNA that are naturally made in the body or intentionally created by humans	interfering RNA (RNAi)
the ability to transcribe multiple proteins (prokaryotes)	polycistronic transcript
one gene that gets transcribed to one mRNA and translates into one protein (eukaryotes)	monocistronic
the official starting point of transcription	start site
the regions that express the code that will be turned into proteins	exons
the non-coding regions in the mRNA	introns
intron removal by spliceosomes before the mRNA leaves the nucleus	splicing
the end of which the poly A tail is added	3 prime
the end of which a GTP cap is added	5 prime
three nucleotides	codon
the opposite end of the tRNA that has three nitrogenous bases that can complementarily bae pair with the codon in the mRNA	anticodon
things that don't normally pair up	wobble pairing
the first step of translation that begins with three binding sites, A,P,E and a start codon (AUG)	initiation
the linkage of amino acids and edition of them in translation (2nd step)	elongation
the last step in translation that involves a stop codon	termination
molecules that can encourage or inhibit the start of transcription	transcription factors
changes that alter the ability of the transcription machinery to access a gene	epigenetic changes
a cluster of genes that can be under the control of a single promoter	operons
code for enzymes needed in a chemical reaction	structural genes
the region where the RNA polymerase binds to being transcription	promoter gene
a region that controls whether transcription will occur and where the repressor binds	operator
codes for a specific regulatory protein called the repressor	regulatory gene
occurs when the cell creates an RNA but decides that it should not be translated into a protein	post-transcriptional regulation
the cell changes shape and organization many times by going through a successsion of stages	morphogenesis
when an egg is fertilized by a sperm and forms a diploid cell	zygote
triggers the zygote to go through a series of cell divisions	fertilization
early genes that turn certain cells into the early embryo	homeotic genes
a subset of homeotic genes	Hox genes
an error in the genetic code	mutation
the mutation resulted by a single nucleotide base substitution	base substitution (point mutation)
causes the original codon to become a stop codon resulting in early termination of protein synthesis	nonsense mutations
causes the original codon to be altered and produce a different amino acid	missense mutation
happens when a codon that codes for the same amino acid is created and therefore does not change the corresponding protein sequence	silent mutation
involves DNA sequences that have deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations	gene rearrangements
the insertion or deletion of codons that result in a change in the sequence	frameshift mutation
result in an extra copy of genes and are usually caused by unequal crossing-over during meiosis or chromosome rearrangements	duplications
result when changes occur in the orientation of chromosomal regions	inversions
occur when two different chromosomes break and rejoin in a way that causes the DNA sequence to be lost	translocations
gene segments that can cut and paste themselves throughout the genome	transposons
common pathogens and prokaryotes that come in many shapes and sizes	bacteria
something that bacteria can do that swaps some of their DNA with other bacterial cells	conjugation
nonliving agents capable of infecting cells	viruses
the thing a virus infects	host
a commonly studied virus that infects bacteria	bacteriophage
the two types of replication cycles bacteria undergo	lytic and lysogenic cycle
the transfer of DNA between bacterial cells using a lysogenic virus	transduction
viruses with a lipid envelope	enveloped virus
retroviruses like HIV use this enzyme to convert their RNA genomes into DNA so insertion into a host can happen	reverse transcriptase
generated by combining DNA from multiple sources to create a unique DNA molecule not found in nature	recombinant DNA
a branch of technology that produces new organism or products b transferring genes between cells	genetic engineering
a lab technique that is used to create billions of identical copies of genes within hours and uses the process of amplification otay create many copies	polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
the process of giving bacteria foreign DNA	transformation
putting a plasmid into a eukaryotic cell	transfection
DNA fragment separation by molecular weight and charge which uses restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA fingerprinting	gel electrophoresis
allows scientist to determine the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule	DNA sequencing