| 1) Most important means of preventing
transmission of infections agents
2) In 1800s there is a decrease __ if surgeons __ | 1 Hand Washing
2 post surgical infections, wash their
hands |
| 1 What agency regulates disinfectants and
sterilant?
2 What agency regulates anti septics? | 1 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
2 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |
| 1 commonly used antiseptics and
disinfectants
2 Antimicrobial potencies of primary alcohols increase with molecular weight until __
3 As primary alcohol chain length increases, van der Waals interactions __ and penetrating microbial membranes __ | 1 Ethyl and Isopropyl alcohol
2 8-carbon atom
3 increase, increases |
| 1 In alcohols, As water solubility decreases, apparent antimicrobial potency __ with molecular weight
2 Branching of alcohols decreases __ | 1 diminishes
2 antibacterial potency |
| More active than ethyl alcohol against bacterial growth, effective against spores. | Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol)
used than n- propyl alcohol because it is less expensive |
| ALCOHOL: ETHANOL Characteristics | Clear, odorless
Volatile liquid
burning taste
pleasant odor
Flammable, miscible with water
Soluble in most organic solvents
Commercial: 95% ethanol by vol
Product of fermentation from grain and CHO
Synthetically: sulfuric-acid catalyzed hydration of ethylene |
| 1 Commercial Ethanol contains __ by volume
2 Ethanol is a product of fermentation from __ and __
3 Ethanol is synthetically produced through | 1 95% ethanol
2 Grain and CHO
3 sulfuric-acid catalyzed hydration of ethylene |
| 1 Other names for Ethanol
2 Other names for Denatured Ethanol | 1 Ethyl alcohol, Wine Spirit
2 Absolute Ethanol |
| 1 ethanol that has been rendered unfit for use in intoxicating beverages by addition of other substances.
2 contains added wood alcohol (methanol) and benzene and is unsuitable for either internal or external use.
3 ethanol treated with one or more substances so that its use may be permitted for a specialized purpose. | 1 Denatured alcohol
2 Completely denatured alcohol
3 Specially denatured alcohol |
| 1 Alcohol external use
2 astringent, rubefacient, mild local anesthetic (evaporative refrigerant action when applied to skin)
3 Injected near nerves and ganglia to alleviate pain. It has a low narcotic potency and used internally in dilute form as mild sedative, a weak vasodilator and a carminative. | 1 antiseptic, preservative, mild
counterirritant, or solvent.
2 Rubbing alcohol
3 Ethanol |
| 1 ethanol as the sole solvent
2 hydro alcoholic mixtures
3 alcohol as co solvent | 1 Spirits
2 Tinctures
3 Fluidextracts |
| 1 used safely for preoperative sterilization of the skin
2 Alcohol is __ and should be stored in __ | 1 Concentrations above 70% (Alcohol)
2 Flammable, well-ventilated areas |
| 1 Causes nausea, vomiting and vasodilatory flushing.
2 Ethanol using alcohol dehydrogenase is converted to __
3 Aldehyde using aldehyde dehydrogenase is converted to __ | 1 Acetaldehyde
2 Acetaldehyde
3 Acetate |
| Mode of Action of alcohol | 1 Denaturation
2 Disrupt Hydrogen Bonding |
| Contain not less than 99% w/w of C2H5OH (ethanol)
Prepared commercially by azeotropic distillation of an ethanol-benzene mixture, removal of water
Very high affinity water> stored in tightly sealed containers | Dehydrated Ethanol |
| 1 Dehydrated Ethanol is used primarily as a __
2 Dehydrated Ethanol is injected for local relief of pain
in __ and __
3 Cannot be ingested because of
some __
4 Dehydrated Ethanol is prepared commercially through | 1 chemical reagent or solvent
2 carcinomas, neuralgias
3 benzene retained.
4 Azeotropic distillation |
| Colorless, volatile liquid with
characteristic odor and
slightly bitter taste.
Prepared by sulfuric-acid-catalyzed hydration of propylene. | Isopropyl Alcohol
synonyms: 2-propanolol, Rubbing alcohol |
| 1 Used primarily as a disinfectant for the skin and for
surgical instruments.
2 used on gauze pads for sterilization prior to hypodermic injections | 1 ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
50%-95%: bactericidal
40% isopropyl alcohol= 60% ethanol
2 Azeotropic isopropyl alcohol, USP
(Solvent and preservative) |
| Colorless, flammable gas that liquefies at 12˚C.
Used to sterilize temperature-sensitive medical equipments
that cannot be heat sterilized in autoclave
Diffuses readily through porous materials and very effective
destroys all forms of microorganism at ambient temp. | Ethylene Oxide |
| 1 Ethylene oxide forms explosive mixtures in air at concentrations Ranging from = ___.
Explosion hazard is removed when mixed with __
2 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: | 1 3%-8% by volume, CO2
2 sealed, autoclave-like chamber or in gas
impermeable bags. |
| 1) 10% ethylene oxide and 90% CO2 | Carboxide |
| Carboxide uses | 1 Sterilant |
| 1 Ethylene Oxide Mode of action
2 Ethylene Oxide is extremely __ | 1 alkylation of functional groups in nucleic
acids and proteins by nucleophilic opening of the
oxide ring.
2 Toxic and carcinogenic (Nonselective) |
