| Avoid taking vitamin A supplements more than __________ | 1500mg |
| Which one is synonymous with vitamin A: Carotenoids or Retinoids? | Retinoids |
| Retinol has which group attached? | Alcohol |
| Retinal has which group attached? | Aldehyde |
| Retinoic acid has which group attached? | Carboxylic Acid |
| Retinyl Ester has which group attached to it? | Ester |
| Which types of carotenoids can be converted into vitamin A/are provitamins? (3) | beta and alpha carotene
beta cryptoxanthin |
| Which carotenoids can't convert to vitamin A? (4) | lycopene
Lutein
Zeaxanthin
Canthaxanthin |
| What color is canthaxanthin? | Red-orange color |
| What enzyme is needed to convert carotenoids into retinoids? | BCO1 (beta Oxygenase 1) |
| Where is BCO1 found? (5)
*Where is the most common place? | Enterocytes (Most found here!)
Liver
Lungs
Kidney
Adipose tissue
Loser KALE |
| What is the RDA for females, pregnancy, lactation (14+) | 700 mcg/d, 770 mcg/d, 1300 mcg/d |
| What is the RDA for males (14+ YO) | 900 mcg/d |
| _____IU = ________mcg of Retinol | 1
0.3 |
| A Teratogen is a factor which causes malformation of the __________ | embryo |
| Too much vitamin A can cause small underdeveloped ______, _________, and _________ in infants | ears
brain
heart |
| What is the UL for all adults? | 3000 mcg/d |
| What is the UL for <18 YO? | 2800 mcg/d |
| What type of vitamin A supplement is the best choice? | Beta Carotene |
| What are the two active forms of vitamin A found in supplements? | Retinyl Palmate
Retinyl Acetate |
| What are the food sources of vitamin A (4) | Fruits
Veggies
Meat
Dairy Products |
| Absorption of vitamin A ________ when fats are included or food is cooked/processed | Increase |
| In order for Vitamin A to get into the nucleus of the cell, a ________ is needed | Protein |
| Vitamin A absorption process:
1) protein bound carotenoids and retinyl Esters are broken down by __________. This creates a byproduct of ___________
2) Carotenoids and retinyl ester are than broken down by ________. This creates a byproduct of ____________
3)Then free carotenoids are delivered to the intestine with the help of a ___________ | Pepsin
Amino Acids
Lipase
Fatty Acids
Micelle |
| Vitamin A is transported in both the blood stream and the ___________ | Lymphatic system |
| Some __<Insert type of retinoid>___ can travel directly to the portal system bound to ________ | Retinoic Acid
Albumin |
| Most retinoids and carotenoids are found ________ | In chylomicrons |
| Once chylomicrons are broken down, Vitamin A/retinoids are released and stored in _________ | The liver |
| What two cells in the liver are Vit A stored in? Which one holds the most? | Parenchymal cells
Stellate cells* most stored here |
| For vitamin A to be released there are two proteins required. What are they called? | Retinol Binding Protein (RBP)
Transthyretin |
| Low amounts of ______ and _______ or presence of _______ impair vitamin A release | protein
zinc
inflammation
*Protein and zn help make RBP |
| Retinoid release: Vitamin A is released as Retin_l. While making its way into the bloodstream it binds with _______ to become Holo-retinol-RBP. Once in the blood stream, holo-retinol-RBP will bind with _________ to become _________. It then combines with ________ | RetinOL
RBP
TTR
Holo-Retinol-RBP-TTR |
| Carotenoid release: Packed into a _______ such as ______ | Lipoprotein
VLDL |
| Functions of vitamin A at cellular level: (4) | Gene expression
Cell proliferation/differention/growth
Epithelial maintenance
Gap Junction
CEGG |
| Vitamin A functions in the body (4) | Bone development/maintenance
Reproduction
Immune system
Visual
Phineas and VIRB |
| What 2 vitamin A receptors are needed to inhibit or express a gene? | RXR Retinoid X Receptor
RAR Retinoic Acid Receptor |
| RXR and RAR bind to _________. | RARE (retinoic Acid Response ELement) |
| Rods in the eyes contain rhodopsin which is the combination of ____________ and __________ | 11-Cis Retinal (vit A)
Opsin (Protein) |
| Zn converts retin__l to retin_l using ______ | RetinOl
retinAl
RBP (retinol Binding Protein) |
| Carotenoid functions (6): | Gap Junction
Cell Differentiation/proliferation
Gene expression
Antioxidant
Immune system
Eye Health |
| Both carotenoids and retinoids effect ________ | Cell membranes |
| Interactions between nutrients: Vitamin A and Vitamin K | excess vitamin A = decrease Vitamin K absorption |
| Interactions between nutrients: betacarotene and Vitamin E | Increase beta carotene = decrease vitamin E in the blood |
| Interactions between nutrients: Iron and retinoid/carotenoids | Iron helps with metabolism as well as being a cofactor for BCO1 (which splits carotenoids into 2 retinols |
| Decreased vitamin A status with low iron can cause: (3) | Decreased RBC formation
Decreased iron in RBC
Decreased Fe release |
| Vitamin A interacts with these nutrients: (6) | Fiber (gel forming)
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Iron
Zn
Protein
Vitamin D and Iodine (?)—Transcription |
| Deficiency of Vitamin A can cause: (5) | Bone overgrowth/decrease degradation
Decrease immune system
Effect smell and taste (anorexia)
Diarrhea
Negatively effects eyes
BADIE |
| What can happen to the eyes in result of vitamin A deficiency? (3) | Bitots spots
Night blindness
Xeropthalmia |
| Toxicity of vitamin A can come from: (3) | Medications
Food
Supplements |
| Symptoms of toxicity: (5) | Desquamation
Headache
Dry skin
Wt loss
Fatigue |
| Carotenoid toxicity symptom | yellow-orange skin
*NOT TOXIC and reversible* |
