| Absent or malformed extremities may range from? | absence of a finger to absence of an entire limb |
| Children may need physical therapy and teaching on how to use a prosthesis to? | gain full mobility and function. |
| Is the improper formation and function of the hip socket; | Developmental hip dysplasia |
| Talipes disorders affect the? | foot and ankle. |
| Children may need extensive bracing and casting to? | correct these disorders (developmental hip dysplasia and talipes disorder) |
| result from the failure of the maxillary process to fuse in intrauterine life. | Cleft lips and cleft palates |
| true or false: In cleft lips and cleft palates surgical repair is possible early in life, with a good prognosis for both of these conditions. | true |
| occur from failure of the trachea and esophagus to completely divide and fully form independently in intrauterine life. | Esophageal atresias (EA) and Tracheoesophageal fistulas (TEF) |
| In EA (Esophageal Atresias) and TEF (Tracheoesophageal fistulas), surgical intervention begins? | immediately but often needs to be performed in several stages. |
| Are protusions of abdominal contents through the abdominal wall at birth, protected only by a peritoneal membrane. | Omphaloceles |
| Omphaloceles are protrusions of abdominal contents through the abdominal wall at birth, protected only by a peritoneal membrane; When the membrane not present (peritoneal), this is called? | gastroschisis. |
| can result from atresia (complete closure) or stenosis (narrowing) of a part of the bowel. | Intestinal obstructions |
| Intestinal obstructions corrections is? | surgical removal of the narrowed bowel portion |
| occur when an extremely hard portion of meconium blocks the lumen of the intestine | MP (Meconium Plug) |
| Infants with MPS (meconium Plug Syndrome) needs to be observed for? | continuing bowel function and assessed for cystic fibrosis because an MP is often the first symptom of this illness. |
| Infants with MPS needs to be observed for continuing bowel function and assessed for cystic fibrosis because? | an MP is often the first symptom of this illness |
| Infants with MPs need to be observed for continuing bowel function and assessed for?, because an MP is often the first symptom of this illness | cystic fibrosis |
| occur when the abdominal organs protrude through a defect in the diaphragm into the chest cavity.
These infants are critically ill at birth and need extensive surgical correction | Diaphragmatic hernias |
| Diaphragmatic hernias prevent the lungs from? | fully forming in utero or expanding at birth. |
| is the incomplete formation of the anus, resulting in an inability to pass stool | an imperforated anus |
| In an imperforate anus, the infant may have a?
before a final surgical correction can be completed. | temporary colostomy created |
| Physical developmental disorders of the nervous system include: | hydrocephalus (excess CSF in the ventricles) and neural tube disorders (incomplete closure of the vertebrae). |
| Physical developmental disorders of the nervous system: excess CSF in the ventricles | Hydrocephalus |
| Physical developmental disorders of the nervous system: Incomplete closure of the vertebrae | neural tube disorders |
| Infants with hydrocephalus need surgery to? | relieve a ventricular obstruction or have a shunt implanted from their ventricles to the peritoneal cavity to remove excess CSF. |
| Children with meningomyeloceles, the most severe form of neural tube disorder, face a permanent full or partial loss of? | lower neuron function and require continued rehabilitation |
| The most severe form of neural tube disorder,
children with this condition face a permanent full or partial loss of lower neuron function and require continued rehabilitation. | meningomyeloceles |
| Are structural variations of the cerebellum and skull base | Arnold-Chiari (Chiari II) Malformation |
| Is a cranial meningocele | An encephalocele |
| This is the anomaly that most people think of when they say "spina bifida" because it is the most common one affecting the central nervous system and is frequently viewed as the most complicated when it comes to survival.
In this, the meninges protrude through the vertebrae and the spinal cord usually ends at the point of protrusion. | Meningomyelocele |
| Lesions associated with spina bifida are called
If these membranes (the pia mater, the arachnoid, and the dura mater) herniate through unformed vertebrae, the protrude as a circular mass about the size of an orange at the center of the back and are termed? | Meningoceles |
| The mildest form of all NTDs (Neural Tube Disorders), occurs when the posterior laminae of the vertebrae fail to fuse.
is a malformation caused by nonclosure or incomplete closure of the posterior portion of the vertebrae | Spina bifida occulta |
| Is a disorder in which the fetal brain grows so slowly that it falls more than three standard deviations below normal on a growth chart at birth.
The cause might be a disorder in brain development associated with an intrauterine infection such as rubella, cytomegalovirus, or toxoplasmosis which is transmitted via an infected Aedes species mosquito, has been linked to this infantile condition. | Microcephaly |
| Is the absence of the cerebral hemispheres | Anencephaly |
| Are disease s that affect the development and growth of the neuromuscular system in children.
The pathology can present anywhere along the neuromuscular pathway, from the brain to the nerves to the muscle fibers.
These diseases have a profound impact on the quality of life of not only the children but also their families | Neural Disorders |
| Is the term used to describe many distinctly different malformations of the neural tube. | Neural Tube Disorders. |
| This term, Latin for "divided spine", is most often used as a collective term for all spinal cord disorders, but there are well-defined degrees of this involvement, and not all neural tube disorders even involve the spinal cord
Occur because of a lack of fusion of the posterior surface of the embryo in early intrauterine life. | spina bifida |
| Commonly known as spina bifida, is a congenital anomaly in which the spinal cord does not develop properly due to incomplete closure of the neural tube at approximately 28 days of gestation.
The overlying bones and skin are incompletely formed and the corresponding area of the spinal cord is exposed to amniotic fluid in utero
It is the most common congenital anomaly affecting the central nervous system that results in permanent disability. | Myelomeningocele (or meningomyelocele?) |
| Is a common disorder of the CSF physiology resulting in abnormal expansion of the cerebral ventricles | hydrocephalus |
| The most common developmental disorders of the nervous system at birth include? | abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (hydrocephalus), which has several causes, and abnormalities associated with neural tube closure (meningocele or meningomyelocele) |
| Is a weakness in the musculature that permits a portion of the abdominal organs, such as the stomach or intestine, to protrude through the chest wall.
This can cause collapse of the left lung due to cardiac displacement on the right side of the chest. | Diaphragmatic Hernias |
| Is a specific phenomenon that occurs almost exclusively in infants with cystic fibrosis, resulting from the abnormal pancreatic enzyme function seen with cystic fibrosis and reflects extreme meconium plugging. | Meconium ileus (obstruction of the intestinal lumen by hardened meconium) |
| Is an extremely hard portion of meconium that has completely blocked the intestinal lumen, causing bowel obstruction.
The cause is unknown but probably reflects normal variations of meconium consistency. | Meconium plug |
| If canalization of the intestine does not occur in utero at any point, two of what of the fetal bowel can develop?
although the most common site is the duodenum | atresia (complete closure) or stenosis (narrowing) |
| If canalization of the intestine does not occur in utero in utero at any point, atresia (complete closure) or stenosis (narrowing) of the fetal bowel can develop, although the most common site is the? | duodenum |
| May occur because the mesentery of the bowel twisted as the bowel reentered the abdomen after being contained in the base of the umbilical cord early in intrauterine life or from looseness of the intestine in the abdomen after it was returned. | Obstruction (intestinal) |
| In intestinal obstruction, the twisting pattern is termed a?
and this continues to be a potential problem of the first 6 months of life until the infant develops firmer intestinal supports. | volvulus |
| Yet another reason obstruction can occur is because of? | thicker-than-usual meconium formation, blocking in the lumen (meconium plug [MP] and meconium ileus). |
| Is a term derived from the Greek word for "stomach cleft" or "fissure", is a condition similar to an omphalocele...
(a protrusion [herniation] of abdominal contents through the abdominal wall at the point of the junction of the umbilical cord and abdomen)
..., except the abdominal wall disorder is a distance from the umbilicus, usually to the right, and abdominal organs are not contained by a membrane but rather spill freely from the abdominal wall.
Is a full-thickness defect of the anterior abdominal wall of the fetus, which results in extrusion of abdominal viscera (usually intestines) into the amniotic space, without amniotic membrane coverage. | Gastroschisis |
| Is a protrusion (herniation) of abdominal contents through the abdominal wall at the point of the junction of the umbilical cord and abdomen. | Omphalocele |
| Is a protrusion of a portion of the intestine through the umbilical ring, muscle, and fascia surrounding the umbilical cord.
This creates a bulging protrusion under the skin at the umbilicus.
it is rarely noticeable at birth while the cord is still present but becomes increasingly noticeable at healthcare visits during the first year. | Umbilical hernia |
| are rare anomalies in neonates.
Between weeks 4 and 8 of intrauterine life, the laryngotracheal groove in the chest develops into the larynx, trachea, and beginning lung tissue; the esophageal lumen forms parallel to this.
A number of anomalies can occur of the trachea and esophagus are affected by a teratogen that does not allow the two organs to fully form separately. | Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) and esophageal atresia (EA) |
| Is the incomplete formation of the esophageal lumen, resulting in the proximal (upper) esophagus forming a "blind pouch," which then does not connect to any other structure. | Esophageal Atresia (EA)
Complete closure of the esophagus |
| occurs when an opening develops between the closed distal (lower) esophagus and the trachea. | Tracheoesophageal fistula |
| is a rare triad of micrognathia (small mandible), cleft palate, and glossoptosis (a tongue malpositioned downward).
This triad of conditions can result in severe upper airway obstruction, which then may cause secondary respiratory distress due to upper airway obstruction. | The Pierre Robin Sequence (also called Pierre Robin Syndrome) |
| Is an opening of the palate and occurs when the palatal process does not close as usual at approximately weeks 9 to 12 of intrauterine life.
The incomplete closure is usually on the midline and may involve the anterior hard palate, the posterior soft palate, or both.
It may occur as a separate anomaly or in conjunction with a cleft lip | A cleft palate |
| is the most common orofacial (mouth in the face) cleft.
the fusion fails to occur in varying degrees, causing this disorder to range from a small notch in the upper lip to total separation of the lip and facial structures up into the floor of the nose, with even the upper teeth and gingiva absent. | Cleft lip |
| Are a heterogenous group of disorders affecting the structure of the face and oral cavity.
The maxillary and median nasal processes normally fuse between weeks 5 and 8 weeks of intrauterine life.
This condition is the failure of the fusion in its occurrence | Clefts of the lip and palate (C L/P)
orofacial clefts |
| arises form an embryogenic fault that leaves a cyst formed at the base of the tongue, which then drains through a fistula...
(an abnormal or surgically made passage between a hollow or tubular organ and the body surface, or between two hollow organs)
... to the anterior surface of the neck.
Are congenital defects located in or around the midline of the neck, extending to the base of the tongue.
This condition may occur as an autosomal dominant trait. | A thyroglossal cyst |
| An abnormal or surgically made passage between a hollow or tubular organ and the body surface, or between two hollow organs | fistula |
| Is an abnormal restriction of the tongue occurring in a small number of newborns caused by an abnormally tight frenulum, the membrane attached to the lower anterior tip of the tongue.
is a congenital anomaly in which a tight or shortened lingual frenulum causes restricted tongue mobility and impaired tongue function. | Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) |
| Is improper formation and function of the hip socket and is considered a spectrum of abnormalities affecting the hip joint.
Is a common musculoskeletal condition found in newborns, with the prevalence estimated range from 1.6 to 28.5 per 1 000 infants, averaging about 5% of newborns who have some radiographic abnormality of the hip. | Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
or often referred to as congenital hip dysplasia |
| Is formed from the latin 'talus' ("ankle") and pes ("foot").
Are ankle-foot disorders, commonly called clubfoot. | Talipes disorders |
| Is a failure of bone growth inherited as a dominant trait, which causes disorder in cartilage production in utero. | Achondroplasia (chondrodystrophia) |
| is the premature closure of the sutures of the skull.
This may occur in utero or early in infancy because of rickets or irregularities of calcium or phosphate metabolism; it also occurs as a dominantly inherited trait and occurs more often in males than in females. | Craniosynostosis |
| Is a term derived from the terms tortus ("twisted") and collum ("neck").
Occurs as a congenital anomaly when the sternocleidomastoid muscle is injured and bleeds during birth. | Troticollis (Wry neck) |
| is an indentation of the lower portion of the sternum. | Pectus excavatum or funnel chests |
| The sternum is displaced anteriorly, increasing the anteroposterior diameter of the chest. | Pectus carinatum |
| Is the presence of one or more additional fingers or toes. | Polydactyly |
| When an extra finger or toe forms, it is termed a?
Is usually amputated in infancy or early childhood. | supernumerary digit. |
| two fingers or toes are fused,
the fusion is usually caused by a simple webbing. | syndactyly |
