| 1 A __ that blown in to Fleming's lab while he was on vacation in 1928 changed the course of medicine forever.
2 Fleming named the substance __ after the mould __. | 1 fungal spore
2 Penicillin, Penicillium notatum |
| __ managed to produce larger amounts of penicillin and tested it on __ | 1 E. Chain and H. Florey (1930 to 1940s) (Nobel Prize 1945)
2 Mice |
| 1 used in Chinese folk medicine to treat boils and carbuncles
2 Chinese and Ukranian - treatment for infected wounds
3 anthrax bacilli were killed when grown in culture with presence of certain bacteria
4) Vuillemin | 1 molded curd of soybean (500 to 600 BC)
2 Moldy cheese
3) 1877 - Pasteur and Joubert
4 Antibiosis (literally against life) |
| substance produced by microorganism, which has the capacity of inhibiting the growth and even of destroying other microorganisms'
“any substance produced by a living organism that is capable of inhibiting the growth or survival of one or more species of microorganisms in low concentrations” | antibiotic or antibiotic substance (Waksman 1942) |
| Modifying naturally occurring antibiotics and to prepare synthetic analogs necessitated the inclusion of __ in the definition | semisynthetic,
synthetic derivatives |
| A substance is classified as antibiotic if the ff. conditions are met: | 1. It is a product of metabolism
2. It is a synthetic product produced as a structural analog of a naturally occurring antibiotic.
3. It ANTAGONIZES GROWTH or survival of one or more species of microorganisms.
4. It is effective in LOW concentrations. |
| Antibiotics’ other attributes: | 1. Exhibit sufficient SELECTIVE TOXICITY to be decisively effective against pathogenic microorganism or neoplastic tissue, without causing significant toxic effects
2. Chemical is STABLE enough to be isolated, processed and stored for a reasonable length of time without deterioration of potency.
3. RATE of biotransformation and elimination of antibiotic should be SLOW enough to allow a convenient dosing schedule, yet rapid and complete enough to facilitate removal of the drug from the body soon after administration is discontinued. |
| Classification of Antibiotics | 1 Based on Mode of Action (Bacteriostatic, Bactericidal)
2 Based on spectrum of action (Broad spectrum, Narrow spectrum) |
| 1 Acts against limited group of bacteria
2 Acts against larger group of bacteria | 1 Narrow spectrum
2 Broad spectrum |
| Broad Spectrum antibiotics list | 1) Carbapenems
2) Chloramphenicol
3) 2nd, 3rd, 4th Gen Cephalosporins
4) 3rd gen fluoroquinolones
5) Broad spectrum penicillin
6) Tetracyclines |
| Narrow Spectrum antibiotics list | 1 Penicillin G and V
2 Lincosamides (Clindamycin)
3 Glycopeptides (Vanco and Teicoplanin)
4 Streptogramins
5 Rifamycins
6 Daptomycins |
| 1 Function to destroy or Kill bacteria
2 Function to stop growth or slow the growth of bacteria | 1 Bactericidal
2 Bacteriostatic |
