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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
odorous principle found in various plant parts evaporate when exposed to the air at ordinary temperatures	Volatile oils
are dried, fragrant, aromatic, or pungent plant parts that contain a volatile oil and are used primarily in food as a seasoning rather than for nutrition.	Spices
volatile oil may occur in specialized secretory structures such as __	1 glandular hairs (Lamiaceae) 2 modified parenchymal cells (Piperaceae) 3 oil-tubes called vittae (Apiaceae) 4 lysigenous or schizogenous passages (Pinaceae, Rutaceae)
1 In conifers, volatile oils may occur in 2 In rose, volatile oils appear in appreciable amount only in __ 3 in mints, volatile oils occur only in the __ 4 in the orange, one kind of oil occurs only in __	1 all tissues 2 petals 3 glandular hairs of the stems and leaves 4 flower petals and rind
Chemical constituents of volatile oil and spices may be divided into two broad classes:	1) terpenoid derivatives formed via acetate-mevalonic acid pathway 2) aromatic compounds formed via the shikimic acid-phenylpropanoid.
1 Volatile oils are usually obtained by 2 Some volatile oil cannot be distilled without decomposition and are usually obtained by __	1 Steam distillation 2 expression ex. lemon oil, orange oil
the general method for obtaining citrus oils involves puncturing the oil glands by rolling the fruit over a trough lined with sharp projections that are long enough to penetrate the epidermis and pierce the oil glands located in the outer portion of the peel	Ecuelle method
The flower petals are placed on the fat for a few hours; then, repeatedly, the old petals are removed, and a new layer of petals is introduced. After the fat has absorbed as much fragrance as possible, the oil may be removed by extraction with alcohol	Enfleurage
In the perfume industry, most of the modern essential oil production is accomplished by	Extraction
The chief advantage of extraction over distillation __	uniform temperature (usually 50˚C) can be maintained during most of the process