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level: Aminoglycoside Resistance

Questions and Answers List

Question	Answer
Strains carrying R factors for resistance to aminoglycosides synthesize enzymes that are capable of __	1 Acetylating 2 Phosphorylating 3 Adenylylating key amino or hydroxyl groups
1 Resistant strains have emerged against what aminoglycoside drugs in the clinic? 2 Is responsible for the production of aminoglycoside deactivating enzymes	1 Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Gentamicin 2 R factors
1 What are the R factors?	1 Acetyl transferases (AAC) 2 Phosphotransferases (APH) 3 Nucleotidyl transferases (ANT)
These R factors transfer to __	hydoxyl and amino groups of the drug
Responsible for acetylating the amino groups in the structure from Ring I to Ring II	Aminoacetyl transferase (AAC)
Phosphorylate the hydroxyl groups from Ring I and III	Aminoglycoside Phosphotransferase (APH)
Ways to overcome microbial resistance	1 Remove the target functional group 2 Steric Factors may confer resistance to attack at functionalities otherwise susceptible to enzymatic attack.
Aminoglycosides that lack the 3 OH ring I which makes them resistant to APH	Gentamicin, Tobramycin
It serves as a steric factor to protect the functional groups from attack	1-N-L-(-)-AMINO-A-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID or L-AHBA