| Aldehyde general forumula | R-C=0
-H |
| How to form an a carboxylic acid from a primary alcohol | primary alcohol - aldehyde - carboxylic acid - distil
primary alcohol - carboxylic acid - refluc |
| secondary alcohols are reduced into what | ketones by reflux |
| what mechanism do carbonyls under go | nucleophillic addition |
| First step of nucleophillic addition | C=0 curly arrow to the oxygen
the :H dipole with lone pair the curl arrow goes to carbon |
| second step of nucleophillic addition | double bond broken
c-o now has lone pair and curly arrow goes to H on the H-O-H the second oxygen curly arrow goes to second H |
| the third step | draw the product the oxygen is now OH and the product is OH |
| what is the reducing agent for carbonyls | NaBH4 |
| WhAT IS THE REACTION OF CARBONYL WITH HCN | carboxylic acid goes to hydoxynitrile |
| The steps for nucleophillic addition of HCN | 1. step :CN CURLY ARROW TO C curly ARROW TO O
step 2 double bond broke C-O , O has curly arrow to H+
STEP 3 c-OH of the same C is a C-CN |
| How to test for aldehydes and ketones | 2,4 DNP
and H2so4
orange precipitate |
| testing for am aldehyde | tollens reagent
silver mirror forms |
| -cooh functional group name | - oic acid |
| reaction of carboxylic acids with metal | EG CH3COOH + NA = CHCOO-NA+ + 1/2H2 |
| reaction with akalis and metal oxides | form h20 |
| reaction with carbonates | forms co2 |
| acid hydrolysis | ester goes to an acid + alcohol |
| alkaline hydrolysis | caboxylate ion and alcohol |
| acyl chlorides with an alcohol | forms an ester and Hx |
| acyl chlorides with phenol | ester with the phenol and HX |
| nucleophillic addition elimination | first step the C=O half bond curly arrow to o
O lone pair has a curly arrow to the carbon
second step
the O in the double bond has a curly arrow n
c-X has curly arrow to halogen
the h-o-h has curly arrow off h to o
third step H+ AND X- ARE IONS carboxylic formed |
