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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
a substance produced by a living source; it commonly includes the following: Antibiotics Hormones Vitamins Others	Biologics
a term which refers to the use of a biologic product (a vaccine) to develop active immunity in the patient.	Vaccination
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) refers to __ as biologics	Immunizing agents
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) refers to immunizing agents as __	Immunobiologics
According to the Code of Federal Regulations, it is any virus, therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin, or analogous product employed for prevention, treatment, or cure of diseases in humans	Biologic
THERE ARE TWO MAIN CATEGORIES OF IMMUNITY	1 Natural Immunity/ Native/Innate 2 Acquired Immunity
Natural, innate, or native immunity depends on factors that are inborn. It can be classified as:	Species immunity Racial immunity Individual immunity
Active Immunity - naturally acquired active immunity - artificially acquired active immunity Passive Immunity - naturally acquired passive immunity - artificially acquired passive immunity	Acquired Immunity
In general, cold-blooded animals are not susceptible to diseases common to warm-blooded animals. Humans are not at all susceptible to certain diseases of lower animals and correspondingly, many human diseases do not naturally occur in animals.	Species immunity
Human races differ in susceptibility to common infections. Factors that determine racial immunity are elusive and not well known.	Racial immunity
Individuals vary in the ability to resist common microbiologic diseases. The natural resistance of the same individual may vary from time to time. Health plays a vital role in resisting invasion by other species of microorganisms capable of producing infection.	Individual immunity
regulate cell-mediated immunity and are responsible for controlling certain bacterial and viral infections. They are responsible for mediating: Graft vs Host disease Allograft rejection Delayed hypersensitivity reactions	T lymphocytes
T lymphocytes augment the activity of __, which are primarily involved with humoral immunity and antibody production.	B lymphocytes
Once exposed to an __, the T and B lymphocytes demonstrate memory that allows them to recognize and respond to a specific antigen when exposed again.	antigen
develops in response to antigenic substances in the body. This may occur by natural means, as by infection It may also develop in response to administration of a specific VACCINE OR TOXOID	Active immunity
1 Active immunity may occur by natural means, as by infection, in which case it is termed 2 Active immunity may also develop in response to administration of a specific vaccine or toxoid, in which case it is termed __	1 Naturally acquired active immunity 2 Artificially acquired active immunity.
Vaccines are administered primarily for __, to develop acquired active immunity. These may contain living attenuated (weakened) or killed microorganisms or fractions of these microorganism.	prophylactic action
are bacterial toxins modified and detoxified with moderate heat and chemical treatment so that the antigenic properties remain while the substance is rendered nontoxic.	Toxoids
A problem with toxoids is that they produce inadequate immunologic responses when administered alone Therefore, they are often combined with __ that enhance their ANTIGENICITY	Adjuvants such as alum, aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxide
1 A vaccine composed of killed whole microorganisms is known as __ 2 Vaccine that contain live but significantly weakened microorganisms are __	1 inactivated vaccine. 2 attenuated vaccines
Both types (inactivated and attenuated vaccines) are capable of producing immunity. 1 However, the __ typically have more antigenicity so are more likely to confer permanent immunity. 2 __, however, must be administered again over time for maintenance.	. 1 attenuated vaccines 2 Inactivated vaccines
With live vaccines, caution must be exercise with __	immunocompromised patients. This group of patients includes those with: 1 HIV infection 2 Thymic Abnormalities 3 Lymphoma 4 Leukemia 5 Generalized Malignancy 6 Advanced debilitating diseases 7 Or those receiving corticosteroids, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, or radiation chemotherapy.
Live attenuated vaccines should be avoided for __ patients because of the danger of transmission of the microorganism to the fetus.	pregnant