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level: level 4

Questions and Answers List

level questions: level 4

Question	Answer
Increase recognition of cancer cells by the immune system. development is to increase antigen awareness of the immune cells or increase costimulatory signals that induce an immune response.	Cancer vaccines
__ cells have antitumor activity. Thus, tumor vaccine development is to stimulate these immune cells instead of antibody-producing cells, the operational model used to protect one from an infection.	T cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, and natural killer
__ recognize tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) on the surface of the tumor cells. Patient specific, tumor specific or shared	Tumor-killing cells
Four types of cancer vaccines are under investigation	1 Autologous tumor vaccines 2 Allogeneic tumor vaccines 3 Anti-iodotypic vaccines 4 Gene therapy-derived vaccines
Developed from antigenic material procured from the tumor of the patient. Tumor cells are isolated from the tissue procured during biopsy or surgery. These cells are killed or attenuated and reinfused into the patient. Typically, to enhance immunogenicity, they are combined with an adjuvant, such as bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or C. parvum. A major problem with this approach is the work and cost associated with the production of vaccine for the individual patient. Also, some tumors escape the immune system because their antigens are not expressed on the tumor surface.	Autologous tumor vaccines
Concept of shared or tumor-specific antigens. These vaccines are produced from cell lines that express tumor-specific or shared TAAs. To induce an immune response, either the fragment of the allogeneic tumor cell or the whole cell is injected. The beneficial aspect of this vaccine is that it can be used in a wide population of patients.	ALLOGENEIC tumor vaccines
3D immunogenic regions on the antibody that binds antigen. Antibodies that bind TAAs are isolated and injected into mice. The resulting antibodies are harvested and used to vaccinate another mouse. The resulting anti-bodies have a three-dimensional binding site that mimics the original structure of the TAAS. Used to induce immune responses (cellular, antibody-antigen) to a given antigen.	ANTI-IODOTYPIC VACCINES
allows a DNA template to be placed within a cell, transcribed into messenger RNA, and expressed as a costimulatory protein. One can then induce a cell to synthesize this proteins as part of its normal function. A gene that encodes interleukins or other costimulatory proteins can be placed in cells expressing TAAs. This stimulates the immune response. Quadrivalent HPV recombinant vaccine	GENE THERAPY – DERIVED VACCINES
may be plain or contain an adjuvant. The product may also contain single, multiple, or mixed immunogens.	detoxified toxin (toxoid)
has two toxoids and a vaccine in single dosage form for active immunization against different toxicities and infection Their advantage is broad immunization coverage and minimum number of injections.	mixed biologic
The strength of a toxoid is in __	flocculating (Lf)) units.
is the smallest amount of toxin that flocculates most rapidly one unit of standard antitoxin in a series of mixtures containing fixed amounts of antitoxin and varying amounts of toxin.	flocculating unit