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level: level 2

Questions and Answers List

level questions: level 2

Question	Answer
is a process that allows the transfer of liquid from a higher level to a lower level by means of a tube or pipe. It relies on the force of gravity to move the liquid without the need for pumps or external power sources. The key principle behind siphoning is the pressure difference created by the difference in liquid levels.	Siphoning
The structure of crystals and its appearance under a polarizing microscope, its melting point, and its optical rotation are some physical characteristics which are easy to determine and which will aid identification of constituents.	Microcrystallization
This method is for separating insoluble particles and extraneous matter from the extraction mixture and producing a clear extract.	Microfiltration
is a method of separating the components of a liquid mixture based on their boiling points.	Distillation
In the method of __, applicable to fresh plant drugs (peppermint, spearmint), the crop is cut and placed directly into a metal distilling tank on a truck bed.	direct steam distillation
Volatile oils are usually obtained by __ of the plant parts containing the oil.	steam distillation
Characteristics of Volatile Oils	Odorous principle found in various plant parts Evaporate when exposed to the air at ordinary temperatures, Are called volatile oils, ethereal oils, or essential oils. possess characteristic odors Optically active Immiscible with water Soluble in ether, alcohol, and most of the organic solvents. Their specific rotation is often a valuable diagnostic property
volatile oil may occur in specialized secretory structures:	1 Glandular hairs (Lamiaceae) 2 Modified parenchymal cells (Piperaceae) 3 Oil-tubes called vittae (Apiaceae) 4 Lysigenous or, Schizogenous passages (Pinaceae,Rutaceae)
Chemical constituents of volatile oil and spices may be divided into two broad classes, based on their biosynthetic origin	(1) terpenoid derivatives formed via acetate-mevalonic acid pathway (2) aromatic compounds formed via the shikimic acid-phenylpropanoid.
Sources of Chili - USP 25	Capsicum annuum Capsicum frutescens Capsicum chinense Capsicum pubescens
What causes rancidity of Fixed Oil	Exposure to oxygen, presence of light, high temperature, and presence of moisture
Chemically, the fixed oils and fats are composed predominantly of triacylglycerols which have different or identical fatty acids are esterified to the three hydroxyl positions on the glycerol molecule.	Glycerides also known as triglycerides.
Also known as arachis oil, which may also be obtained soxhlet extraction or by expression from the seeds of Arachis hypogaea (Legumunosae) (earth-nut, ground-nut, peanut) which is a small annual plant. Arachis or peanut oil consists of the glyceried of oleic, linoleic, palmitic, arachidic, stearic, lignoceric and other acids.	Peanut oil