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Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
Japan’s casualties were relatively minor compared to the other victors. But in balance...	Japan’s timely and professional actions in the war supported the ultimate victory of the eAllies.
Japan’s casualties were relatively minor compared to the other victors. But in balance...	Japan’s timely and professional actions in the war supported the ultimate victory of the eAllies.
Japan’s casualties were relatively minor compared to the other victors. But in balance...	Japan’s timely and professional actions in the war supported the ultimate victory of the eAllies.
Reasons for Japanese Victory	Agreeing to the ‘unequal treaties’ → Cautiously acting until the 1890s when it was strong enough to assert its independence = Avoided the fate of China - domination by the imperial powers. Meiji Restoration. ‘Offer themselves courageously to the state.’
Reasons for Japanese Victory	Agreeing to the ‘unequal treaties’ → Cautiously acting until the 1890s when it was strong enough to assert its independence = Avoided the fate of China - domination by the imperial powers. Meiji Restoration. ‘Offer themselves courageously to the state.’
NA	NA
Japan forced to agree to Perry’s demands = signed the Treaty of Kanagawa - which opened up Japan to regular trade with the West.	1854
TREATY OF KANAGAWA	Based on the Western powers treaties on China which gave similar privileges of trade to them: Foreigners allowed to live + trade under the laws of their own countries in the treaty ports. Exempted from Japanese law (extra-territoriality). Tariffs were very low to encourage trade. Prevented Japan from setting their own tariffs.
Meiji Restoration	1868-1912
Adoption of Western technology: ↑Railroads + Factories. Trade with other countries, ending the 250 year period of isolation. Feudalism abolished! The Emperor's power was restored. Universal compulsory education was introduced.	Meiji Restoration (1868-1912)
CAUSES OF MODERNIZATION IN JAPAN	Japan wanted to remain independent of colonial powers // Avoid China’s fate. Perry forced the end of isolation in Japan, highlighting that Japan had to modernize. Fall of Tokugawa Shogunate.
Extraterritoriality	The state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations.
Tokugawa Period	1600-1868
Emphasis on AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION. MINIMAL TRADE [ISOLATIONISTS]. HIERARCHICAL.	Tokugawa Period (1600-1868)
Japan forced Korea to open its ports to Japanese traders.	1876
Tong-Haks attempted to overthrow the Korean government. The King of Korea turned to China for help to crush the revolt.	1894
China declared war because Japan refused to withdraw! However...	The Japanese army was smaller than the Chinese, but better motivated + organized + possessed more modern weapons.
In a British Alliance...	Japan would be tied to supporting the ‘Open Door Policy’ in China, which aimed to preserve free trade. WHEREAS, Japan preferred to carve out its own sphere of influence.
In a Russian Alliance...	Cooperation would mean the acceptance of Russian domination in Manchuria, Korea, and Northern China.
Treaty of Shimonoseki: China recognized Korea’s independence + ceded Japan Taiwan, the Pescadores, and Liaodong peninsula (where Port Arthur lay).	1895
ANGLO-JAPANESE TREATY Japan turned to Britain for a DEFENSIVE ALLIANCE: Japan recognized Britain’s interests in China, whilst Britain accepted that Japan was interested in Korea. If these interests were threatened, each power is free to take the necessary measures to protect them.	1902
Russo-Japanese War	1904-1905
Russia called for...	Treaty of Portsmouth: Russia ceased to be a threat to Britain + Japan in the Far East, and withdrew from Korea and Manchuria.
Reasons for Japanese Victory	Agreeing to the ‘unequal treaties’ → Cautiously acting until the 1890s when it was strong enough to assert its independence = Avoided the fate of China - domination by the imperial powers. Meiji Restoration. ‘Offer themselves courageously to the state.’
Japan annexed Korea outright.	1910
Japan declared war on Germany (August 1914), in order to acquire German concessions in...	Shandong, China
Japan declared war on Germany	1914
Britain recommended that France = Russia should also be invited to join in on the attack on Qingdao.	These were IGNORED BY JAPAN + PROCEEDED TO ADVANCE.
The Chinese spoke of “neutrality” as their official policy during WW1.	Abandoned by 1917 for an entry on the side of the Allies.
Japan presented China the ‘Twenty One Demands'	1915
Japan + US entered a secret agreement = Japan to patrol the waters around Hawaii, allowing the US to devote more forces to the Atlantic.	1917
Japan provided its allies with materials, warships, and merchant ships.	Built 12 destroyers for France, boosting the Japanese economy as exports ↑↑400%.
Japan secured position as GREAT POWER + retained German territory in China & Pacific Islands.	1918
Treaty of Versailles - Legally transferred to Japan Germany’s rights + privileges in Shandong peninsula.	1919
The Japanese criticized China for not adapting to the changing world. Some Japanese came to resent the weakness of their neighbors.	Throwing Off Asia
The Japanese navy helped Britain ensure the security of the Pacific Ocean.	However, Japan’s primary interest was to strengthen its economic + political hold on China whilst her rivals were distracted in Europe.
Britain + Japan agreed to divide the German Pacific territories.	1914
The US initially tried to prevent Japan’s annexation of Germany’s colonies in the Pacific, due to their emerging power. As a result...	Japan threatened to withdraw from the LON. COMPROMISE = Agreed to a mandate system for former colonies, avoiding formal annexation. BUT provided Japan de facto control of German colonies in the Pacific.
Japan’s casualties were relatively minor compared to the other victors. But in balance...	Japan’s timely and professional actions in the war supported the ultimate victory of the Allies.