| 2.2-2.6 mmol/L with a mean of 2.4mmol/L | What is the normal range for calcium levels in the extracellular fluid? |
| C. All of the above | Select the complications of a patient experiencing hypocalcemia?
I. Intermittent muscle spasm
II. Convulsions/ seizures
III. Nerve irritability
IV. Muscle weakness
A. I and IV
B. I, II and IV
C. All of the above D. I, II and III |
| usable | 42% of the 2.4mmol/L calcium in plasma is bound to proteins and are usable/NOT usable |
| 30-35% | The usual intake of calcium is 1000mg daily, but only ______ is absorbed. |
| Parathyroid hormone | 10% of calcium in glomerular filtrate reaches distal convoluted tubules and is dependent on plasma calcium levels. Regulation of plasma calcium levels are mediated by ________ |
| bone reabsorption and bone resorption | Bone remodelling is performed by 2 mechanisms which are ______ involving osteoblast activity, and _____ involving osteoclast activity. |
| basicallly hormones and vitamin D that regulate calcium homeostasis such as calcitonin, PTH, vitamin D3, estrogens, androgens, corticosteroids, growth hormones, IGF-1 (insulin hormone) | Osteoblasts and osteoclasts activities are under the influence of:
I. Vitamin D
II. Estrogen
III. Parathyroid Hormone
IV. Corticosteroids
A. I and IV
B. I and III
C. III and IV D. All of the above |
| chief cells | Parathyroid hormone is secreted by _____ in the parathyroid gland |
| Answer: IV.
I. N-terminal
II. Removed by kidneys
III. High levels of PTH
IV. it is factz, only factz | Select the correct statements:
I. C-terminal of parathyroid hormone is the site of calcium homeostasis activity.
II. PTH is removed by the liver
III. In renal failure, low levels of parathyroid hormone is detected.
IV. I love Shi Yen
A. All of the above
B. I and III
C. III and IV (ew) D. IV only |
| True | Antibodies that target PTH hormone of N-terminal part are used in Immunoassays to assess PTH levels. TRUE or FALSE? |
| Bones, kidney, small intestines | PTH exerts its effects on _____, _____, and ____. |
| Ultraviolet radiation changes 7 dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol (VITAMIN D3) | How is Vitamin D3 made in skin?? |
| Elevated PTH levels are high in hyperparathyroidism. Liver converts cholecalciferol to 25- Hydroxycholecalciferol, then kidney converts that to calcitriol (active Vitamin D3) to cause increase in plasma calcium concentration. In the absence of active vitamin D3, no matter how high the PTH levels are, calcium levels in plasma cannot increase. | Why does secondary hyperparathyroidism occur in liver and chronic kidney failure? |
| Osteomalacia: Lack of mineralization of bone (causes soft bones, rickets)
Osteoporosis: Osteoclast activity> osteoblast activity (causes porous britlle bones) | What is the main difference between osteomalacia and osteoporosis? |
| phosphate and sodium | PTH increases absorption of calcium magnesium and hydrogen ions in distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts. PTH also reduces the reabsorption of ____,sodium and potassium at PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES. |
| High levels of calcium in plasma. Calcitonin reduces bone resorption (osteoclast activity), and also reduces calcium and phosphate reabsorption at kidneys. | Calcitonin response to high/low levels of calcium plasma concentration? Elaborate the effects of calcitnonin on calcium and phosphate metabolism. |
| Due to lack of receptors for PTH, high levels of parathyroid hormones. Symptoms of low levels of calcium will show such as numbness, memory loss, tetany, convulsions, bradycardia | What happens in Pseudohypoparathyroidism? |
