| A MIXTURE of DRY DRUGS OR CHEMICALS
Can be USED as INTERNALLY or EXTERNALLY use
INCORPORATED as ACTIVE INGREDIENTS and as EXCIPIENTS for external or internal used
Apart from their used in manufacture of capsule,
tablets, and suspension, it also offer as a
PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM
(State also the advantages, disadvantages) | POWDER
adv:
1 Very flexible (can be turned to tablets, capsule, and incorporate in liquid preparation to
suspension, lotion, and etc)
disadv:
1 easily WETTED by liquids
2 NOT FOR HYGROSCOPIC substances |
| Particles size varies from __ | 1 VERY COURSE (pass at SIEVE NO.8)
2 COURSE (pass at SIEVE NO.20)
3 MODERATELY COURSE (PASS AT SIEVE NO.40)
4 FINE (pass at SIEVE NO.60)
5 VERY FINE (pass at SIEVE NO.80) |
| DIFFERENT TYPES ON HOW TO ACHIEVE A PARTICULAR TYPE OF THE SIZE OF POWDER
Comminution technique or also known as reducing
the particle size of powder: | 1 Trituration or Comminution
2 Milling technique
3 Levigation technique
4 Pulverization with intervention
TMLP |
| DIFFERENT TYPES ON HOW TO ACHIEVE A PARTICULAR TYPE OF THE SIZE OF POWDER
1 MOST COMMON one and USED for SMALL SCALE MANUFACTURING or compounding of drugs.
Put the powder in the MORTAR AND PESTLE then TRITURATE until to its desired fineness. | Trituration or Comminution |
| DIFFERENT TYPES ON HOW TO ACHIEVE A PARTICULAR TYPE OF THE SIZE OF POWDER
1 for LARGE SCALE OPERATION FOR
MANUFACTURING | Milling technique |
| DIFFERENT TYPES ON HOW TO ACHIEVE A PARTICULAR TYPE OF THE SIZE OF POWDER
1 MIXING AND REDUCING PARTICLE SIZE of powders with LEVIGATING AGENT (contains the mineral oil, glycerin, and propylene glycol).
It is used USUALLY in PREPARING IN OINTMENTS AND PASTE. Trying to achieve in __ is SMOOTH PASTE | Levigation technique |
| Levigating agent contains __ | 1 mineral oil,
2 glycerin, and
3 propylene glycol |
| DIFFERENT TYPES ON HOW TO ACHIEVE A PARTICULAR TYPE OF THE SIZE OF POWDER
1 ADD VOLATILE SOLVENT such as the CAMPHOR with HYDROXYL, OR IODINE CRYSTALS WITH ETHER | Pulverization with intervention |
| DIFFERENT BLENDING TECHNIQUE | 1 Trituration
2 Spatulation
3 Sifting
4 Tumbling
5 Geometric dilution
TSS TG |
| DIFFERENT BLENDING TECHNIQUE
1 – also a way to BLEND 2 OR MORE POWDER
type
2 with the USE OF SIEVE | .
1 Trituration
2 Sifting |
| DIFFERENT BLENDING TECHNIQUE
1 a technique usually use in larger scale.
The CONTAINER is TUMBLED UNTIL BEING MIX
2 use FOR POTENT SUBSTANCES (a substances that even in a small amount can cause an effect or therapeutic effect or any effect like side or adverse effect) | .
1 Tumbling
2 Geometric dilution |
| Different TYPES OF INGREDIENTS that MAY
POSSESS PROBLEMS when EMPLOYED OR MIX with
POWDERS/ special problems in blending or
Incorporation: | 1 Volatile substances
2 Eutectic mixture
3 Liquids
4 Hygroscopic and Deliquescent substances |
| CAMPHOR, MENTHOL, and ESSENTIAL OILS
Incorporate this into powders usually they are loss in the process of VOLATILIZATION.
To prevent volatilization, use of heat-sealed plastic bags packaging or double wrapping with wax or glassine paper with the product then with the bond paper. | Volatile substances |
| How to Prevent volatilization of volatile substance? | use of HEAT-SEALED PLASTIC BAGS packaging
DOUBLE WRAPPING WITH WAX OR GLASSINE PAPER with the product then with the bond paper. |
| MIXTURE OF 2 OR MORE COMPONENTS
which USUALLY DO NOT INTERACT to FORM A NEW CHEMICAL compound but INHIBITS CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS OF ONE
ANOTHER resulting to a LOWER MELTING POINT than either the components.
This is a new __ means that when mix the powder with another type of powder they can inhibit crystallization process which will result to lower melting point of the other compound or the other way around. | Eutectic mixture |
| Eutectic mixture EXAMPLES | 1 Mixing phenol, camphor, menthol, thymol,
antipyrine, phenacetin, acetanilide, aspirin, and
salol
2 Powders to powders. When mixed together, they
liquefy. |
| WAYS HOW TO MINIMIZE: EUTECTIC MIXTURES
2 WAYS OF MIXING | 1)
1 eutectic compound MIX FIRST with DILUENT (inert diluent),
2 mix then w/ same amount of diluent and then diluent to avoid liquefication for 2 WEEKS
3 Blend gently w/ spatula on a sheet of paper
4 use equal diluent (SILICIC ACID)
Incorporating 20% of silicic acid
2) Force liquid state by DIRECT TRITURATION,
Then absorption of the MOIST MASS,
USES more diluent,
(MORE STABILITY)
(useful for dispensing a large number of doses)
(more than 2 weeks) |
| Liquids
1 We can add small amount of liquid to our divided
powders. So we can add __ to INCREASE the ABSORBABILITY of powders.
2 When a LIQUID SERVES AS A SOLVENT for the
preparation for a non-volatile heat stable
compound, it may be evaporated gently on a
water bath. We can add __ to INCREASE the
RATE OF SOLVENT by increasing the surface area.
3 Aside from liquids, we can also add __. We can add them to powders but make sure that the amount are EQUIVALENT to the amount of POWDERS | .
1 magnesium carbonate,
starch or lactose
2 lactose
3 fluidextracts
and tinctures |
| 1 HYGROSCOPIC and DELIQUESCENT substances that becomes moist because of affinity for moisture in the air. Therefore, they may be prepared as 1 __ by adding 2 __
2 For Extremely deliquescent compounds, they
cannot be prepared satisfactorily as powders.
Might as well prepare them as __
3 Difference of HYGROSCOPIC and DELIQUESCENT
4 In order to IMPROVE ITS BIOAVAILABILITY, we use __ technique | 1)
1 divided powders
2 inert diluents.
2 liquid
3) 1 Hygroscopic- It can ABSORB MOISTURE.
2 Deliquescent- It can absorb moisture but it
LIQUEFIES.
4 Double wrapping technique |
