| The turning effect produced by a force, calculated as the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force. | Moment of a Force (torque) |
| What is the term for the turning effect produced by a force, and how is it calculated? | The turning effect is called the moment of a force, calculated as the force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force. |
| The formula for calculating the moment of a force: | Equation for Calculating Moment |
| What is the equation for calculating the moment of a force? | Moment = Force × Perpendicular Distance. |
| The distance normal (perpendicular) to the direction of the force, measured from the pivot to the line of action of the force. | Perpendicular Distance |
| What is the perpendicular distance in the context of calculating the moment of a force? | It is the distance measured from the pivot to the line of action of the force, normal (perpendicular) to the force's direction. |
| The state in which an object is balanced, with equal moments on both sides of a pivot. | Equilibrium of an Object |
| When is an object considered to be in equilibrium? | An object is in equilibrium when the moments on both sides of a pivot are equal. |
| An object that is not in equilibrium, with unequal moments on both sides of a pivot. | Unbalanced Object |
| How is an unbalanced object characterized in terms of moments? | An unbalanced object has unequal moments on both sides of a pivot. |
| The principle stating that for rotational forces in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments. | Principle of Moments |
| What is the principle that governs rotational forces in equilibrium, and what does it state? | The principle of moments states that the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments. |
| Using the principle of moments to determine distances and forces when rotational forces are balanced. "For example, imagine Sam slides backwards along the seesaw shown above until it balances. We know the moment of Sam's force must now be the same as that of Caitlin's, i.e. 600 N m, because they balance. Sam's weight hasn't changed, so we can rearrange the equation for the moment of a force to calculate his new distance from the pivot:" | Application of the Principle of Moments |
| How can the principle of moments be applied to calculate distances and forces in a balanced rotational force scenario? | By ensuring the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments, the principle of moments can be used to calculate distances and forces. |
| A simple machine consisting of a rigid bar that rotates around a fixed point called a pivot or fulcrum. | Lever |
| What is a lever, and what are its basic components? | A lever is a simple machine consisting of a rigid bar that rotates around a fixed point called a pivot or fulcrum. |
| The process of conveying (transporting) forces using mechanical devices such as levers and gears. | Transmission of Forces |
| How can forces be transmitted using mechanical devices? | Forces can be transmitted using mechanical devices like levers and gears. |
| A spanner, a tool used to rotate nuts or bolts, is an example of a lever. | Example of a Lever |
| Provide an example of a lever and its practical use. | A spanner is an example of a lever and is used to rotate nuts or bolts. |
| The rotational effect produced by a force, also known as the moment of a force. | Turning Effect |
| What is the turning effect, and what is it also called? | The turning effect is the rotational effect produced by a force, also known as the moment of a force. |
| Two factors determine the turning effect or size of the moment: (i) the magnitude of the force and (ii) the distance from the pivot. | Factors Determining Turning Effect |
| What are the two factors that determine the turning effect or moment of a force? | The magnitude of the force and the distance from the pivot. |
| A longer spanner increases the turning effect without the need for additional force. | Increase in Turning Effect with Spanner Length |
| How does the length of a spanner affect the turning effect? | A longer spanner increases the turning effect without requiring more force. |
| Circular objects with teeth around the edges used to transmit rotational effects of forces. | Gears |
| What are gears, and what is their primary function? | Gears are circular objects with teeth around the edges, and their primary function is to transmit the rotational effects of forces. |
| Gears are utilized in various vehicles such as cars, motorbikes, and bicycles. | Application of Gears |
| Where are gears commonly used? | Gears are commonly used in vehicles like cars, motorbikes, and bicycles. |
| When one gear turns, its teeth engage with the teeth of another gear in the same direction, causing the second gear to rotate in the opposite direction. | Mechanism of Gear Rotation |
| How does the rotation of gears influence each other? | When one gear turns, its teeth push the teeth of another gear in the same direction , leading to the second gear rotating in the opposite direction. |
| While the forces on both gears are the same, their moments differ because the forces are applied at different distances from the pivot point (center of the gear). | Forces and Moments on Gears |
| What is the relationship between forces and moments on gears? | The forces on both gears are the same, but their moments differ because the forces are applied at different distances from the pivot point (center of the gear). |
