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level: SCOPE

Questions and Answers List

level questions: SCOPE

Question	Answer
Develops when the number of fatalities in the incident exceeds the number the medical examiner or coroners facilities were designed to handle	MULTIPLE FATALITY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT
However, in situations where there is a plane crash for example, where there are a lot of human remains left and a small number of examiners are present, what will be done will be called ________	MULTIPLE INCIDENT MANAGEMENT
government or judicial officer who is empowered to conduct or order an inquest into the manner or cause of death	CORONERS
The most complex and controversial area of forensic odontology.	BITEMARK EVIDENCE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
According to Dinkar, ____ described ethics as a moral philosophy or philosophical thinking about morality, moral problems and moral judgement.	Frabkena
moral philosophy or philosophical thinking about morality, moral problems and moral judgement	ethics
Ethics is based upon ________	knowledge and thinking
morality is based upon ______	belief and feeling
prescribe the individual's correct behavior, allowing human beings to discern right from wrong	ethics
The most significant ethical issue in the forensic field, identified in a study conducted with lawyers and experts associated with the lawyers and experts associated with the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, is _____	competence.
BIAS: how human perceptions and judgements can be influenced by other factors irrelevant to a specific case.	COGNITIVE BIAS
BIAS: For example, when there is a variety of people involved in the investigation, different judgements and expressions are made thus having various information with regards to the case. With different expertise present, different perceptions are inevitable.	COGNITIVE BIAS
BIAS: when irrelevant information given by third parties influences the conclusions	CONTEXTUAL BIAS
BIAS: For example, in a group of three where you'll be the ones to decide on the case and then an outside party arrives, shares his/her opinions and your thoughts in the group bigla magbago dahil sakanya.	CONTEXTUAL BIAS
BIAS: when pre- existing beliefs or assumptions act on the interpretation of information and evidence.	CONFIRMATION BIAS
BIAS: Past information is used as a basis for the information for your present case.	CONFIRMATION BIAS
when the professional disregards new information that does not correspond to their preliminary conclusion.	PREVENTION OF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
THREE COMMON ERRORS ARE FOUND IN FORENSIC SCIENCES TO UNDERSTAND CONFIRMATION BIAS:include fabricated prints, estimated results without thorough examination, intentionally wrong results, or cover up for errors.	Ethical Violations
THREE COMMON ERRORS ARE FOUND IN FORENSIC SCIENCES TO UNDERSTAND CONFIRMATION BIAS:can involve lack of training, the pressure to perform tasks, overworked, and administrative errors or a tendency to agree with someone else's work	Honest Errors
DROR AND COLE HIGHLIGHT THREE CONCERNS ABOUT THE INFLUENCE OF BIASED BASE:affect all professionals, in any forensic after	Cognitive Biases
DROR AND COLE HIGHLIGHT THREE CONCERNS ABOUT THE INFLUENCE OF BIASED BASE:are even more influential because experts themselves believe them and there has been resistance to recognizing such biases and accepting appropriate measures to combat them.	Biased Base Conclusions
TYPES OF PARTIALITY:According to ____, confirmation bias can take many forms	Nickerson
TYPES OF PARTIALITY:For Byrd, is it essential to understand how ___ enters the ______, beside understanding the levels at which it is possible	bias; cognitive process
TYPES OF PARTIALITY:is defined when one awaits a certain result from an initial observation or analysis, because anticipation leads to the desired result	Expectancy Effect
TYPES OF PARTIALITY:paying attention only to items of interest and disregarding information that contradicts what is expected.	Selective Attention
TYPES OF PARTIALITY:– stimulates the end to only find information that confirms what the individual believes, disregarding all other date that is not interesting to him	Combining Selective Attention and Expectancy Effect
TYPES OF PARTIALITY:defined when two people, due to their profession, collect disparate information at a crime scene, because each expert will focus on different aspects according to their role	Role Effect
TYPES OF PARTIALITY:the act of accepting opinions, beliefs, and behavior from colleagues because the expert submits to the opinions of colleagues	Conformity Effect
TYPES OF PARTIALITY:is defined when strong motivation causes the desired result to be obtained.	Need-Determined Perception
TYPES OF PARTIALITY:This motivation may arise from the desire to help solve crimes	Need-Determined Perception
TYPES OF PARTIALITY:the tendency to believe that a statement or conclusion is true despite the lack of convincing evidences, predisposeng people to affirm what they believe to be true.	Positivity Bias
TYPES OF PARTIALITY:means when, in a lengthy information-collecting process, the first data gathered is privileged to guide the conclusion and consequent decisions	Primary effect
TYPES OF PARTIALITY:First gathered information will lead to final conclusion	Primary Effect
TYPES OF PARTIALITY:can also cause bias, between even in the face of contradictory evidence, people who always think themselves right tend to defend their beliefs	Overconfidence
is a prejudice, a tendency that prevents impartial consideration and can stem from many sources.	Bias
there is a degree of error in everything humans do. Variability in measurements of objects and observations is unavoidable. Error does not define a mistake but rather it describes this variability in measurement in the study.	Error