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level: Level 1 of Carcinogenesis

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1 of Carcinogenesis

Question	Answer
→ Happens when there is failure of DNA repair, failure of apoptosis and failure to terminate cell proliferation → usually it starts in mutation proto-oncogenes or the mutation of tumor suppressor genes	Carcinogenesis
are responsible for stimulating the progression of cells through the cell cycle → As a result, it produces the Growth Factors and Signal Transducers	Proto-oncogenes
(happens if there is an overexpression of the permanent activation of different proteins produced) = which leads to a neoplastic transformation	mutation of proto-oncogenes
1 inhibit the progression of cells in division cycle 2 In mutation of tumor suppressor genes, usually it leads to activation of __ specifically the __that can arrest or stop the cell cycle → which leads to apoptosis	1 Tumor suppressor genes 2 Transcription Factors (TF), p53 protein
it will allow for the transformation of normal cells with controlled proliferative activity into malignant cells with uncontrolled proliferative activity → meaning we cannot control now the multiplication of mutated cells → Thus, affecting the balance of MITOSIS & APOPTOSIS	The accumulation of genetic damage in the form of 1 MUTANT PROTO-ONCOGENES and 2 MUTANT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES
→ A disease of cellular mutation, proliferation (spread or multiplication) and aberrant or abnormal cell growth → There are nearly an estimate that suggest that at least 70 to 90% of all this have linked to environmental dietary and behavioral factors of the individual	cancer
1 → lesions characterized by expansive growth and frequently exhibiting slow rates of proliferation that do not invade our surrounding tissues → Tumors that do not lead to cancer cells → Slow growing 2 → Abnormal cells that divide without control and also can invade our nearby tissues → can lead to cancer	1 Benign neoplasms 2 Malignant neoplasms
Two types of malignant neoplasms	● Carcinomas ● Sarcoma
1 → Malignant neoplasms from epithelial origin or epithelial cells 2 → Malignant neoplasms from connective tissue such as bones (osteosarcoma) & muscles (leiomyosarcoma)	1 Carcinomas 2 Sarcoma (Two types of malignant neoplasms)
1 → new growth or autonomous growth of a tissue 2 → lesion resulting from a neoplasia → “solid tumors”	1 Neoplasia 2 Neoplasm
1 → To name the “neoplasms”, we get the tissue of origin where the tumor is found. Followed by a suffix __ 2 → Ex. If the tumor is benign fibrous neoplasm →another term is __	1 – oma 2 fibroma
1 → Secondary growth that is derived from primary malignant neoplasm → Malignant neoplasm that spread all throughout the body 2 → A lesion that is characterized by swelling or increase in size → It may or not be neoplastic = can be cancerous or non cancerous	1 Metastases → Ex. The origin of the cancer is in the bone (osteosarcoma) = It can spread to lungs, brain etc (metastases happen) 2 Tumor