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level: Level 1 of Deodorant & Antiperspirant

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1 of Deodorant & Antiperspirant

Question	Answer
Underarm products comprise a variety of formulations dispensed in many different ways, including:	creams, powders, sticks, squeeze bottles, roll-ons, aerosols, pump sprays, suspension solids, suspension roll-ons, soft solids and gels.
1 From the late 1800s, actors and actresses started experimenting with: 2 In 1888, MUM was launched in Europe using __ as an antimicrobial ingredient in cream base. 3 By the early 1900s, __ this was introduced. BASED on a VERY ASTRINGENT ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION pH range between 2.5 and 3.0 (acidity caused irritation of the skin and fabric deterioration.)	1 aluminium chloride solutions 2 zinc oxide 3 Aluminium containing antiperspirant
The consumer market started to develop in a limited way in the 1920s and 1930s, mostly in the USA, product launched were __. BASED, respectively, on ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE & ALUMINIUM SULFATE. Effective antiperspirants, but with acidic properties yielding UNACCEPTABLE SIDE-EFFECTS.	ODO-RO-NO and ARRID CREAM
These undesirable factors (acidic properties) led to the development of __ compounds known as __. introduced in the 1940s. had an INTERNAL BUFFER that maintained a pH of approximately 4. formed by neutralizing some of the acidity of aluminium chloride with aluminium	1 self-buffered aluminium chloride 2 basic aluminium chlorides or aluminium chlorohydrates
AMONG THE TWO: - basic aluminium chlorides or - aluminium chlorohydrates which one had advantages of being LESS IRRITATING with LESS FABRIC DESTRUCTION?	aluminium chlorohydrates Al2(OH)5Cl • 2.5H2O
quickly became the ingredient of choice and stimulated the development of safe and effective underarm products. It is still widely used today.	aluminium chlorohydrates
introduced mid-1950s neutral pH; stable in a sodium stearate-based deodorant stick. provides deodorant properties due to its antibacterial action but INSUFFICIENT ANTIPERSPIRANT EFFECTIVENESS NOT AN APPROVED ACTIVE per the Antiperspirant Drug Products Monograph of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)	sodium aluminium chlorhydroxy lactate complex
introduced In 1966 for non-aqueous liquid formulations ALLOWING the INTRODUCTION of QUICK-DRY ALCOHOL-BASED PRODUCTS.	alcohol-soluble ACH (aluminium chlorohydrate propylene glycol complex)
The NEED for INCREASED SWEAT REDUCTION PROPERTIES has stimulated the development of more EFFECTIVE ANTIPERSPIRANT SALTS such as	1. aluminium sesquichlorohydrate; 2. aluminium dichlorohydrate; 3. aluminium zirconium chlorohydrates; 4. aluminium zirconium glycine complexes; 5. enhanced efficacy aluminium chlorohydrates; 6. enhanced efficacy or 'activated' aluminium zirconium chlorohydrates; 7. enhanced efficacy or 'activated' aluminium zirconium chlorohydrate glycine complexes.
Today, the two principal active ingredients used are: both proved to be safe and effective	1 activated aluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) 2 activated aluminium zirconium chlorohydrate (AZCH)
ACTIVELY REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF UNDERARM PERSPIRATION. classified as an over-the-counter (OTC) drug since it has an effect on a bodily function, namely, eccrine sweating. regulated by the FDA in practice these products are not subject to 'medicines' legislation at the time of writing.	antiperspirant
masks and/or reduces axillary odour through the use of an antimicrobial agent or a fragrance. have a NON-THERAPEUTIC EFFECT only and are REGARDED AS COSMETICS	deodorant
Commercial antiperspirants are formulated to reduce the secretion from __. most abundant in the skin of the palms, soles and head; are present at birth and can be found all over the body (estimated at 3-5 million glands); known as the true sweat glands; respond to thermal stimuli and cool the body/control body temperature; produce up to 2 litres of perspiration per day	Eccrine glands
In eccrine glands, the secretion is directly onto the skin surface and consists mainly of:	water (approximately 99%), sodium chloride, urea, glucose, and potassium and lactate ions.
develop during childhood and function with the onset of puberty; present in the axillae and urogenital regions; Their excretory ducts open into hair follicles; secretion result of emotional stimuli such as excitement, anger and fear; a milky substance	Apocrine glands
In apocrine glands primarily consists of:	fatty amino acids, cholesterol, and various steroids