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level: Level 1 of PHARMACO-EPIDEMIOLOGY

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1 of PHARMACO-EPIDEMIOLOGY

Question	Answer
“The study of the use and effects of medications in large numbers of people” – Strom “The application of epidemiologic knowledge, methods, and reasoning to the study of the effects (beneficial and adverse) and use of drugs in human populations.” -Porta and Hartzema “The study of drugs as determinants of health and disease in the general unselected population.”- Spitzer	Pharmacoepidemiology
1 It is called a __ bringing together pharmacology and pharmacy, clinical specialties, epidemiology, biostatistics, demography and social sciences. 2 __ are the two main bridgeheads.	1 bridge science 2 Epidemiology and Clinical pharmacology
1 identify the associations between a drug and one or more clinical events that had been missed in therapeutic trials. 2 About __ Americans die each year from Adverse Drug Reactions, and __ US hospitalizations each year result from Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs). Unfortunately, about __% of ADRs may be preventable. The harmful and the negative side effects of drugs has led to the recent emergence of the field of pharmacoepidemiology	1 Pharmacoepidemiological studies 2) 100,000, 1.5 million, 20-70%
Pharma-coepidemiologist applies epidemiology principles:	1 Study the effects of medications in human populations. 2 Conduct safety studies of drug use in large populations 3 Interested in common, predictable adverse drug reactions as well as the uncommon and unpredictable ones.
Pharmacoepidemiology studies quantify __ and __ For example: understanding the patterns of drug prescribing the appropriateness of use medication adherence and persistence patterns identification of predictors for medication use	1 drug use patterns 2 adverse drug effects.
Pharmacoepidemiology versus Clinical Pharmacology 1 the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action. 2 is the study of the effects of drugs in humans. 3 PART OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and can provide vital information about the positive and negative effects of any drug, resulting in a better evaluation of the risk/ benefit ratio for the use of a drug in a patient.	. 1 Pharmacology 2 Clinical Pharmacology 3 Pharmacoepidemiology
1 Clinical pharmacology is categorized into two main areas:	1 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Pharmacoepidemiology includes contributions from both these fields, exploring the effects achieved by administering a drug regimen.
Pharmacology versus Epidemiology 1 is the study of the distribution and patterns of health events, health characteristics and their causes or influences in well defined populations. It is the cornerstone method of public health research, and helps inform policy decisions and evidence-based medicine by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive medicine	. 1 Epidemiology
Pharmacology versus Epidemiology is a PART OF EPIDEMIOLOGY since it deals with the effects of drugs in large numbers of people or in a population. Despite the fact that pharmacoepidemiological approaches can be useful in performing the clinical trials of drugs that are performed before marketing, major application of these principles is after drug marketing.	Pharmacoepidemilogy
Pharmacoepidemilogy acquires its FOCUS OF INQUIRY from 1 __ and its METHODS OF INQUIRY from 2 __.	1 clinical pharmacology 2 epidemiology
Pharmacoepidemiological research in practice includes:	― Evaluation of specific drug use in certain conditions, ― Patterns of drug use, that is, how it is being used-how much, where, when and by whom, ― Drug taking behaviors in society.