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level: Level 3 - II. DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 3 - II. DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING

Question	Answer
- is a way to determine what substance you are allergic to. contain a small amount of allergen then dissolved or suspended in a petrolatum or water then placed on stainless steel chambers adhering to acrylic tape What is the positive result?	Patch test (using the patches) positive result: Inflammation after 2-3 days - on the skin means there is an allergic reaction.
Usually uses Rabbits. in animals	Intradermal injection of the irritant
occurs when an agent is introduced into the skin through injection, or after laceration, or abrasion. Causes chronic inflammation. chronic inflammation. characterized by the aggregation of inflammatory cells. Predominantly activated macrophages which often are transferred into epithelial-like cells called Epithelioid	Granulomatous Reactions
(Granulomatous Reactions) 1 Chronic inflammation characterized by __ of inflammatory cells. Predominantly activated macrophages which often are transferred into epithelial-like cells called 2 __	1 aggregation 2 Epithelioid
agents that can cause Granulomatous Reactions	Silica, talc, paraffin, mineral oil, beryllium, gadolinium, metallic mercury, zirconium compounds, and tattoo dyes (cobalt, chromium, mercury, lead, iron, cadmium, and manganese compound)
substances that cause phototoxicity. It can produce physical and toxicological skin changes, and can also lead to DNA damage.	Photo Toxicants (IV. PHOTOTOXICOLOGY)
are the main cells that phototoxicant can injure	Keratinocytes (IV. PHOTOTOXICOLOGY)
Photo Toxicants:	1 UV-C (<290 nm) or X-rays 2 UV-B (290-320 nm) 3 UV-A (320 nm to 400 nm) 4 Ionizing Radiation (IV. PHOTOTOXICOLOGY)
the most dangerous type of radiation. - The shortest UV. - Not long enough to reach the skin. - Found in people who are always welding that involves mercury lamps.	● UV-C (<290 nm) or X-rays (IV. PHOTOTOXICOLOGY)
has slightly more energy than UV-A. Therefore they can damage the DNA in skin cells directly. the main UV that causes sunburns. cause most skin cancers. - Comes in contact with the outer layer of the skin.	UV-B (290-320 nm) (IV. PHOTOTOXICOLOGY)
- Penetrates deeper into the skin, all the into the inner layers. - AKA The Long term UV, because they are more responsible on the effects of such: - Wrinkling - Skin atrophy (thinning of the skin) - Easy bruisability	UV-A (320 nm to 400 nm) → wrinkling, skin atrophy, easy bruisability (IV. PHOTOTOXICOLOGY)
1 can cause over pigmentation and more damage such as skin cancer and cataracts 2 __ people have more melanin in the skin which absorbs more sun particles. Their skin darkens faster.	1 Combination of UV-A and UV-B 2 Brown-skinned (morena) (IV. PHOTOTOXICOLOGY)
the effects depend on the amount of exposure. Large acute exposure results to: - Local redness- Blistering- Swelling- Ulceration- Pain Subacute chronic exposure: Epidermal thinning, wrinkling, Telangiectasia (spider veins), Non-healing ulcerations, skin cancer	● Ionizing Radiation (IV. PHOTOTOXICOLOGY)
● Ionizing Radiation Large acute exposure results to:	- Local redness - Blistering - Swelling - Ulceration - Pain (IV. PHOTOTOXICOLOGY)
● Ionizing Radiation Subacute chronic exposure leads to:	- Epidermal thinning - Wrinkling Freckling - Telangiectasia (spider veins) - Non-healing ulcerations - In worst cases, Skin malignancy or Skin cancer (IV. PHOTOTOXICOLOGY)
- tiny veins under the skin, or the mucus membrane. Dilated, or broken blood vessels.	Telangiectasia (Spider veins) (IV. PHOTOTOXICOLOGY)