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level: Level 2

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 2

Question	Answer
Key Attributes of Cost Analyses	1 Comparator 2 Perspective 3 Outcomes/endpoints selected 4 Efficacy vs. effectiveness 5 Data capture method 6 Direct costs 7 Indirect costs 8 Actual costs vs. charges/prices 9 Time horizon of analysis 10 Discounting 11 Correction for inflation 12 Modeling use 13 Sensitivity analysis 14 Reporting results 15 Funding source
This may be standard of care (current best practice), minimum practice, or no intervention. Some analyses that declare the superiority of a new intervention may have used a __ that is no longer in practice or is considered sub-standard care or that is not appropriate for the patient population of interest. Any cost analysis of one intervention versus another must be specific about the this.	Comparator
refers to the standpoint at which costs and outcomes are realized. For instance, it may be that of society overall, a third-party payer, a physician, a hospital, or a patient. Clearly, costs and outcomes are not realized in the same way from each of these perspectives.	Perspective
before doing analysis, you should have a hypothesis	Outcomes/endpoints selected
both refer how well a technology works	Efficacy vs. effectiveness
1 benefit of using a technology for particular problem under ideal conditions. refers to a certain population 2 benefit of using a technology for a particular under a general or routine conditions. refers to the general population such as the whole country or whole world	1 efficacy 2 effectiveness
all data of patients, payment of certain intervention, all information	Data Capture Method
represent the value of all goods, services, and other resources consumed in providing health care or dealing with side effects or other current and future consequences of health care.	Direct costs (health care and non-health care)
Two Types of Direct Cost 1 include costs of physician services, hospital services, drugs, etc. involved in delivery of health care. 2 incurred in connection with health care, such as for care provided by family members and transportation to and from the site of care.	1 Direct health care costs 2 Direct non-health care costs
These include the costs of lost work due to absenteeism or early retirement, impaired productivity at work (sometimes known as “presenteeism”), and lost or impaired leisure activity. also include the costs of premature mortality. Intangible costs of pain, suffering, and grief are real, yet very difficult to measure and are often omitted from cost analyses. known as “productivity losses.”	Indirect costs (e.g., loss of productivity)
CONSIDERS HOW OUTCOMES CHANGE WITH CHANGES IN COSTS (e.g., relative to the standard of care or another comparator), which may provide more information about how to use resources efficiently may reveal that, beyond a certain level of spending, the additional benefits are no longer worth the additional costs.	Marginal cost analysis
reflects the time preference for benefits earlier rather than later; it also reflects the opportunity costs of capital, i.e., whatever returns on investment that could have been gained if resources had been invested elsewhere. Thus, costs and outcomes should be __ relative to their present value allows comparisons involving costs and benefits that flow differently over time. It is less relevant for “pay-as-you-go” benefits, such as if all costs and benefits are realized together within the same year typically based on interest rates of government bonds or the market interest rates for the cost of capital whose maturity is about the same as the duration of the effective time horizon of the health care intervention being evaluated.	Discounting
performed to determine if plausible variations in the estimates of certain variables thought to be subject to significant uncertainty affect the results of the cost analysis may reveal, for example, that including indirect costs, or assuming the use of generic as opposed to brand name drugs in a medical therapy, or using a plausible higher discount rate in an analysis changes the cost-effectiveness of one intervention compared to another.	Sensitivity analysis