| Diagrams used to represent the path of light rays as they travel, interact with objects, and are reflected or refracted. | Ray Diagrams |
| How can we demonstrate when a wave is reflected? | We can draw ray diagrams to show when a wave is reflected. |
| The incoming light ray that strikes a surface or boundary. | Incident Ray |
| What is the name of the incoming light ray in a reflection process? | The incident ray. |
| The light ray that bounces off a surface after striking it. | Reflected Ray |
| What is the name of the light ray that bounces off a surface in a reflection process? | The reflected ray. |
| An imaginary line perpendicular to the surface of the reflecting object, used as a reference point in ray diagrams. | Normal |
| What is the normal in a reflection scenario? | An imaginary line at right angles to the surface, used as a reference in ray diagrams. |
| The angle between the incident ray and the normal line at the point of incidence. | Angle of Incidence |
| What is the angle between the incident ray and the normal line called? | The angle of incidence. |
| The angle between the reflected ray and the normal line at the point of reflection. | Angle of Reflection |
| What is the angle between the reflected ray and the normal line called? | The angle of reflection. |
| The principle stating that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, as observed in reflective processes. | Law of Reflection |
| What principle states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection? | The law of reflection. |
| The bending of waves as they pass from one medium to another, caused by a change in wave speed. | Refraction |
| What is refraction? | Refraction is when waves bend as they enter different substances. |
| Interfaces where two substances meet, causing changes in the direction of electromagnetic waves passing through. | Boundaries Between Different Materials |
| Where may electromagnetic waves be refracted? | Electromagnetic waves may be refracted when crossing boundaries between different materials. |
| Materials with a higher density, causing waves to slow down when entering them. | Denser Substances |
| What happens to waves when they enter denser substances? | Waves slow down when they enter denser substances. |
| Materials with a lower density, causing waves to speed up when entering them. | Less Dense Substances |
| What happens to waves when they enter less dense substances? | Waves speed up when they enter less dense substances. |
| An imaginary line perpendicular to the boundary surface between two materials, used as a reference in ray diagrams. | Normal |
| What is the normal used for in refraction scenarios? | The normal is used as a reference in ray diagrams to determine the direction of wave bending. |
| Refraction phenomenon where waves bend towards the normal line when entering denser substances. | Bending Towards the Normal |
| In which direction do waves bend when entering denser substances? | Waves bend towards the normal when entering denser substances. |
| Refraction phenomenon where waves bend away from the normal line when entering less dense substances. | Bending Away from the Normal |
| In which direction do waves bend when entering less dense substances? | Waves bend away from the normal when entering less dense substances. |
| The phenomenon where light traveling within a dense material is completely reflected back into the material at the boundary with a less dense material. | Total Internal Reflection (TIR) |
| What is total internal reflection? | Total internal reflection is where light is reflected inside a dense material. |
| The angle between the incident ray and the normal line at the point of incidence. | Angle of Incidence |
| What happens to light when it travels from a denser material into a less dense material? | When light travels from a denser material into a less dense material, it bends away from the normal. |
| The angle between the refracted ray and the normal line at the point of refraction. | Angle of Refraction |
| How does the angle of refraction relate to the angle of incidence, when light travels from a denser material into a less dense material? | In other words, the angle of refraction is bigger than the angle of incidence. |
| The relationship where an increase in the angle of incidence results in a corresponding increase in the angle of refraction. | Increase of Angles |
| How does the angle of refraction change with an increase in the angle of incidence? | If the angle of incidence is increased, the angle of refraction will also increase. |
| The specific angle of incidence at which the angle of refraction becomes 90°, resulting in light being refracted along the boundary between two materials. | Critical Angle |
| What is the critical angle? | At a certain angle of incidence, called the critical angle, the angle of refraction will be exactly 90°. |
| The condition where light cannot exit a material and is completely reflected within it due to exceeding the critical angle. | Limitation of Refraction |
| What happens if the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle? | If the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, the light can't leave the material. |
| The process where light is internally reflected back into a material due to exceeding the critical angle, leading to total internal reflection. | Reflection within Material |
| What is the consequence of light exceeding the critical angle? | The light is completely reflected within the material, a phenomenon known as total internal reflection (TIR). |
