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Questions and Answers List

Toxin-Associated Pneumonia & Gastrointestinal System & Antimitotic Effects

level questions: Level 3

Question	Answer
Inflammation of the air sac either on one or both of the lungs. Usually it cause by infection by different pathogens (bacteria, fungi)	Toxin-Associated Pneumonia
Plants that causes Toxin-Associated Pneumonia	1 Sweet potato roots (Ipomea batatas, Convolvulaceae) 2 Boraginaceae and Asteraceae families (sunflowers)
ROOTS has attached of Fusarium solani (mold) Because of their attachment, it can cause the formation of neurotoxin called 4-IPOMEANOL from the mold Fusarium solani (This is activated by human cytochrome p450 to reactive intermediate that can bind directly to our DNA)	Sweet potato roots (Ipomea batatas, Convolvulaceae)
1 Sweet potato roots (Ipomea batatas, Convolvulaceae) has roots with __ mold 2 This attachment cause the formation of neurotoxin called __ (This is activated by human cytochrome p450 to reactive intermediate that can bind directly to our DNA)	1 Fusarium solani 2) 4-ipomeanol
Implicated in the LUNG TOXICITY and PNEUMONITIS in human	Pyrrolizidine alkaloid
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid is present in what plant	Boraginaceae and Asteraceae families - Sunflowers
- The most common outcome of ingestion of our toxic plant is __. - These includes nausea and vomiting and diarrhea to the patient	Gastrointestinal Distress or Disturbances
Plants that has Direct Irritant System	1 Cascara sagrada from the bark of Rhamnus purshiana (California buckthorn) 2 Tung nut (Aleurites fordii) 3 Buffalo bean or buffalo pea (Thermopsis rhombifolia) 4 Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut) and Aesculus glabra (Ohio buckeye)
- The active ingredient is an ANTHRAQUINONE, EMODIN (cause direct irritant effects in gastrointestinal) - available in the market and used as MILD PURGATIVE but in excess intake it cause gastrointestinal disturbances	Cascara sagrada from the bark of Rhamnus purshiana (California buckthorn)
- grown widely around the globe - Seeds actually are useful oil, however is SEEDS IS THE MOST TOXIC PART - Ingestion of RIPE NUTS (toxic part) can cause abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea - COMMON POISONING IN CHILDREN	Tung nut (Aleurites fordii)
- Legumes that growing wild eaten in United States and usually has been reported of loss of the livestock from the consumption of of the MATURED PLANTS WITH SEEDS - Ingestion of MATURE PLANT can cause DEATH TO THE ANIMALS - For children, they can cause nausea and vomiting, dizziness and abdominal pain - The toxic chemical are QUINOLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS	Buffalo bean or buffalo pea (Thermopsis rhombifolia)
- common trees with attractive PUNICKLES of flowers in the spring - The NUTS contains a GLUCOSIDE called ESCULIN - The main effects is GASTROENTERITIS, since esculin is poorly absorbed from GI tract in human and also in systemic effects is usually limited	1 Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut) 2 Aesculus glabra (Ohio buckeye)
- Substances that are capable of inhibiting cell division - Stops the process of mitosis and miosis - Used in Cancer patients as a treatment or as a chemotherapy for cancer patients	Antimitotic Effects
Plants that cause Antimitotic Effects	Podophyllum peltatum (May apple, Berberidaceae)
- contains the toxic purgative, PODOPHYLLOTOXIN - podophyllotoxin = rich in foliage and root area of may apple - podophyllotoxin INHIBITS MITOSIS by binding to microtubules - because of its property, it is the interest of scientist in TREATING CANCER - At high doses or overdosage, nausea and severe PAROXYSMAL VOMITING (time to time vomit)	Podophyllum peltatum (May apple, Berberidaceae)
Causes Protein Synthesis Inhibition - Death is caused by two lectins in the beans: ricin I and ricin II - Symptoms: Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea - Children and adults: TAKE SEVERAL DAYS to experience SYMPTOMS - FATAL DOSE FOR CHILDREN: 5 – 6 SEEDS - FATAL DOSE for Adults : 20 SEEDS - DEATH IS RARE 10% because ricin I and ricin II are LARGELY DESTROYED IN THE INTESTINE	Ricinus communis (Castor bean, Euphorbiaceae)
- Death from castor beans is caused by two lectins in the beans: __ - LARGELY DESTROYED IN THE INTESTINE	ricin I and ricin II