| Observable traits or characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of genes with each other and the environment. | Phenotype |
| What controls most phenotypic features? | Most phenotypic features are controlled by the interaction of multiple genes. |
| The way genes work together to produce certain traits or phenotypic features. | Gene Interaction |
| How are most characteristics controlled? | Most characteristics are controlled by the interaction of multiple genes. |
| Traits controlled by a single gene. | Monogenic Traits |
| What controls a mouse's fur color? | A mouse's fur color is controlled by just one gene. |
| A condition in which certain colors cannot be distinguished, typically due to a genetic defect. | Colour Blindness |
| What is an example of a characteristic controlled by just one gene in humans? | Red-green color-blindness in humans. |
| An individual's specific observable characteristics. | Phenotype |
| What is phenotype? | Phenotype refers to an individual's specific observable characteristics. |
| The presence of different phenotypes within a population. | Variation |
| What is it called when a population contains many different phenotypes? | Variation. |
| The study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. | Genetics |
| What causes variation in traits like eye color? | Genetics |
| External conditions that can influence an organism's development or phenotype. | Environmental Factors |
| What can cause variation in characteristics like scars, tattoos and accent? | Environmental factors. |
| Characteristics that develop as a result of environmental influences rather than genetic inheritance. | Acquired Characteristics |
| What are characteristics called that are solely caused by the environment? | Acquired characteristics. |
| The combined influence of genetic and environmental factors on phenotype. | Gene-Environment Interaction |
| What causes most variation in phenotypes? | Most variation is caused by both genes and the environment. |
| The proportion of observed variation in a trait that can be attributed to genetic variation. | Heritability |
| Give an example of variation caused by both genes and the environment. | People can inherit the ability to tan, but this only happens if they spend time in the sun. |
| A project aimed at mapping the entire human genome. | Human Genome Project |
| What was the goal of the Human Genome Project? | The goal was to map the entire human genome. |
| The entire set of an organism's genetic material. | Genome |
| What is the human genome? | The entire set of human genetic material. |
| The process of identifying the location and function of genes on a chromosome. | Genetic Mapping |
| What did scientists do during the Human Genome Project? | They mapped out the entire human genome. |
| The science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease. | Medicine |
| Why is understanding the human genome important in medicine? | It allows scientists to study whether certain diseases are linked to certain genes. |
| Disorders caused by abnormalities in an individual's genetic material that are passed down from parents. | Inherited Disorders |
| How does understanding the human genome help us in treating inherited disorders? | It helps us to better understand and treat inherited disorders. |
| A type of reproduction in which genetic material from two parents combines to produce offspring with genetic variation. | Sexual Reproduction |
| How are gametes formed in sexual reproduction? | Gametes are formed through meiosis, a special type of cell division. |
| A type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. | Meiosis |
| How many gametes can a single organism produce? | A single organism can produce many gametes. |
| The specific combination of alleles that an individual possesses. | Genetic Make-up |
| Are all gametes produced by an organism the same genetically? | No, each gamete has a different genetic make-up. |
| The merging of male and female gametes during fertilization. | Fusion |
| What happens when male and female gametes fuse? | Their genetic information mixes. |
| Differences in traits among individuals of a population due to differences in their genetic makeup. | Genetic Variation |
| Why are offspring produced through sexual reproduction different from each other? | The mixing of genetic information during fusion leads to variation in the offspring, making each one different. |
| Different versions of the genetic code present in a population. | Variants |
| What are the different versions of the genetic code in a population called? | Variants. |
| A sudden change in a gene or chromosome. | Mutation |
| What causes the creation of variants in a population? | Variants are created by mutation. |
| How often do mutations occur? | Mutations happen all the time. |
| Differences in genetic makeup among individuals in a population. | Genetic Variation |
| What do populations usually contain a lot of? | Populations usually contain a lot of genetic variation. |
| The observable characteristics of an organism. | Phenotype |
| What is the effect of most mutations on phenotype? | Most mutations don't have any effect on phenotype. |
| What is the effect of some mutations on phenotype? | Some mutations have a small effect on phenotype. |
| Alterations in the environment that may impact the survival or reproductive success of organisms. | Environmental Change |
| What may happen if a new phenotype is suited to an environmental change? | If a new phenotype is suited to an environmental change, a species' characteristics may change rapidly. |
| The process by which organisms adjust to changes in their environment. | Adaptation |
| What is the potential outcome of a mutation creating a completely new phenotype? | Very rarely, mutations create a completely new phenotype, potentially leading to rapid changes in a species' characteristics if the phenotype is advantageous in the environment. |
