| The flow of charge per unit time or the rate of flow of charge. | Electric Current (I) |
| What is electric current, and what is its formula? | Electric current is the rate of flow of charge, and its formula is ∆Q/∆t |
| The energy transferred per unit charge between two points in a circuit. | Potential Difference (V) |
| What is potential difference, and how is it calculated? | Potential difference is the energy transferred per unit charge in a circuit, calculated using W/Q. |
| A measure of how difficult it is for charge carriers to pass through a component. | Resistance (R) |
| What is resistance, and what is its formula? | Resistance is a measure of the difficulty charge carriers face when passing through a component. Its formula is V/I. |
| For an ohmic conductor, current is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, provided physical conditions are kept constant. Graph: A straight line through the origin. | Ohm’s Law |
| What does Ohm’s Law state about the relationship between current and potential difference for an ohmic conductor? | Ohm’s Law states that for an ohmic conductor, current is directly proportional to the potential difference, given that physical conditions remain constant. |
| A component that follows Ohm’s Law, with a current-voltage graph that is a straight line through the origin, provided physical conditions are constant. | Ohmic Conductor |
| How does the current-voltage graph of an ohmic conductor appear? | The current-voltage graph of an ohmic conductor is a straight line through the origin, indicating it follows Ohm’s Law. |
| A component with different behaviors in forward and reverse bias. In forward bias, it allows current to flow easily past the threshold voltage. In reverse bias, the resistance is extremely high, allowing only a very small current to flow. | Semiconductor Diode |
| What is the behavior of a semiconductor diode in forward and reverse bias? | In forward bias, a diode allows current to flow easily past the threshold voltage. In reverse bias, it has extremely high resistance and allows only a very small current to flow. |
| A component with a metal wire that heats up as current increases, causing resistance to increase. At low currents, it obeys Ohm’s Law, but at higher currents, the graph curves due to increasing resistance. | Filament Lamp |
| How does the resistance of a filament lamp change with current, and how does this affect its current-voltage graph? | As current increases, the filament lamp’s resistance increases because the metal wire heats up. This causes the current-voltage graph to curve at higher currents. |
| An instrument with zero resistance, meaning it does not affect the measurement of current in a circuit. | Ammeter |
| What is the resistance of an ammeter, and how does it affect the circuit? | An ammeter has zero resistance and does not affect the measurement of current in a circuit. |
| An instrument with infinite resistance, meaning no current flows through it, allowing for an exact measurement of potential difference. | Voltmeter |
| What is the resistance of a voltmeter, and how does it affect the measurement of potential difference? | A voltmeter has infinite resistance, meaning no current flows through it, ensuring an exact measurement of potential difference. |
