| Gravity, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear. | Four Fundamental Forces |
| What are the four fundamental forces? | Gravity, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear. |
| Particles that carry energy and momentum between particles experiencing a force. | Exchange Particles |
| What do exchange particles do? | They carry energy and momentum between particles experiencing a force. |
| Think of repulsion as two people throwing a heavy ball, where the momentum pushes them apart. | Example of Repulsion |
| How can repulsion be explained using exchange particles? | It can be compared to throwing a heavy ball between two people, which transfers momentum and causes them to move apart. |
| Can be imagined with a boomerang, where the exchange particle curves back, pulling the two people closer. | Example of Attraction |
| How can attraction be explained using exchange particles? | It’s similar to the exchange of a boomerang, which brings the two people closer together. |
| A fundamental force with the exchange particle being the gluon. Its range is 3 × 10^-15 m, and it acts on hadrons. | Strong Force |
| What is the exchange particle for the strong force, and what does it act on? | The exchange particle is the gluon, and it acts on hadrons. |
| A fundamental force with the exchange particle being the W boson (W⁺ or W⁻). Its range is 10^-18 m, and it acts on all particles. | Weak Force |
| What is the exchange particle for the weak force, and what particles does it act on? | The exchange particle is the W boson (W⁺ or W⁻), and it acts on all particles. |
| A fundamental force with the exchange particle being the virtual photon (γ). Its range is infinite, and it acts on charged particles. | Electromagnetic Force |
| What is the exchange particle for the electromagnetic force, and what does it act on? | The exchange particle is the virtual photon (γ), and it acts on charged particles. |
| A fundamental force with the hypothesized exchange particle being the graviton (not on specification). Its range is infinite, and it acts on particles with mass. | Gravity |
| What is the exchange particle for gravity, and what does it act on? | The hypothesized exchange particle is the graviton, and it acts on particles with mass. |
| Responsible for processes such as beta decay, electron capture, and electron-proton collisions. | Weak Nuclear Force |
| What is the weak nuclear force responsible for? | It is responsible for beta decay, electron capture, and electron-proton collisions. |
| Electron capture a process where a proton and electron interact, resulting in a neutron and an electron neutrino. | Electron Capture |
| What is the equation for electron capture? | p + e⁻ → n + νₑ |
| Electron-proton collision is a process where a proton and electron interact, resulting in a neutron and an electron neutrino. | Electron-Proton Collision |
| What is the equation for an electron-proton collision? | p + e⁻ → n + νₑ |
| The equations for electron capture and an electron-proton collision are the same, but a different exchange particle is used. | Comparison of Electron Capture and Electron-Proton Collision |
| How do the equations for electron capture and electron-proton collision compare? | They are the same, but a different exchange particle is used in each process. |
| A process where a proton decays into a neutron, a positron, and an electron neutrino. | Beta-Plus Decay |
| What is the equation for beta-plus decay? | p → n + e⁺ + νₑ |
| A process where a neutron decays into a proton, an electron, and an electron antineutrino. | Beta-Minus Decay |
| What is the equation for beta-minus decay? | n → p + e⁻ + νₑ |
| These properties must always be conserved in particle interactions: Energy and momentum Charge Baryon number Electron lepton number Muon lepton number | Applications Of Conservation Laws |
| What properties must always be conserved in particle interactions? | Energy and momentum, charge, baryon number, electron lepton number, and muon lepton number. |
| Strangeness must only be conserved during strong interactions. | Strangeness In Strong Interactions |
| When must strangeness be conserved? | Strangeness must only be conserved during strong interactions. |
| In beta-minus decay (a weak interaction), the conservation laws include charge, baryon number, and electron lepton number, but strangeness does not need to be conserved. The interaction is represented as: n → p + e⁻ + νₑ | Conservation Laws In Beta-Minus Decay |
| What conservation laws apply in beta-minus decay? | Charge, baryon number, and electron lepton number are conserved, but strangeness does not need to be conserved. |
| Before the interaction: Charge: 0 After the interaction: Charge: 1 - 1 + 0 = 0 | Charge Conservation In Beta-Minus Decay |
| How is charge conserved in beta-minus decay? | Before the interaction, charge is 0. After the interaction, charge is 1 - 1 + 0 = 0, so charge is conserved. |
| Before the interaction: Baryon number: 1 After the interaction: Baryon number: 1 + 0 + 0 = 1 | Baryon Number Conservation In Beta-Minus Decay |
| How is baryon number conserved in beta-minus decay? | Before the interaction, the baryon number is 1. After the interaction, the baryon number is still 1, so it is conserved. |
| Before the interaction: Electron lepton number: 0 After the interaction: Electron lepton number: 0 + 1 - 1 = 0 | Electron Lepton Number Conservation |
| How is the electron lepton number conserved in beta-minus decay? | Before the interaction, the electron lepton number is 0. After the interaction, the electron lepton number is 0 + 1 - 1 = 0, so it is conserved. |
| Before the interaction: Muon lepton number: 0 After the interaction: Muon lepton number: 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 | Muon Lepton Number Conservation |
| How is the muon lepton number conserved in beta-minus decay? | Before the interaction, the muon lepton number is 0. After the interaction, it remains 0, so it is conserved. |
| In beta-minus decay, strangeness does not need to be conserved because it is a weak interaction. | Strangeness Conservation In Beta-Minus Decay |
| Is strangeness conserved in beta-minus decay? | No, strangeness does not need to be conserved in beta-minus decay since it is a weak interaction. |
| Both beta-minus decay and beta-plus decay are caused by the weak interaction because there is a change in quark type. | Beta-Minus And Beta-Plus Decay |
| What causes beta-minus and beta-plus decay? | Beta-minus and beta-plus decay are caused by the weak interaction due to a change in quark type. |
| In beta-minus decay, for a neutron to change into a proton, a down quark changes into an up quark. | Beta-Minus Decay Quark Change |
| What quark change occurs during beta-minus decay? | A down quark changes into an up quark. |
| In beta-plus decay, for a proton to change into a neutron, an up quark changes into a down quark. | Beta-Plus Decay Quark Change |
| What quark change occurs during beta-plus decay? | An up quark changes into a down quark. |
| In Feynman diagrams, the y-axis represents time, and the x-axis represents space. | Y-Axis and X-Axis Representation |
| What do the y-axis and x-axis represent in Feynman diagrams? | The y-axis represents time and the x-axis represents space. |
| A vertex in Feynman diagrams is where particles and exchange particles meet. Vertices represent points of interaction (e.g., electromagnetic, weak, or strong forces). | Vertex Definition |
| What does a vertex represent in a Feynman diagram? | A vertex represents the point where particles and exchange particles interact. |
| Incoming particles enter the diagram at the bottom, while outgoing particles exit at the top. | Incoming and Outgoing Particles |
| Where do incoming and outgoing particles appear in a Feynman diagram? | Incoming particles enter at the bottom, and outgoing particles leave at the top. |
| Particles are represented by straight lines with arrows that indicate their direction forward in time. | Particle Representation |
| How are particles represented in a Feynman diagram? | Particles are represented by straight lines with arrows indicating their direction in time. |
| Exchange particles are represented by wavy lines without arrows. Their transfer generally occurs from left to right unless an arrow above the wavy line indicates otherwise. | Exchange Particle Representation |
| How are exchange particles represented and directed in a Feynman diagram? | Exchange particles are represented by wavy lines with no arrows, transferring from left to right unless otherwise indicated. |
| In Feynman diagrams, hadrons/quarks appear on the left side, and leptons on the right. These groups must never meet at a vertex. | Hadrons and Leptons Separation |
| Where are hadrons and leptons positioned in a Feynman diagram, and can they meet at a vertex? | Hadrons/quarks are on the left, and leptons are on the right, and they must not meet at a vertex. |
| In Feynman diagrams, charge, baryon number, and lepton number must be conserved at each vertex. | Conservation at Vertices |
| What must be conserved at each vertex in a Feynman diagram? | Charge, baryon number, and lepton number must be conserved at each vertex. |
| Lines in Feynman diagrams must not cross over each other. | Line Rules in Feynman Diagrams |
| What rule applies to line crossings in Feynman diagrams? | Lines must not cross over each other in Feynman diagrams. |
