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level: Cellular Injury

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Cellular Injury

Question	Answer
Reversible or irreversible damage from stress which exceeds cell's ability to adapt. Injury depends on type of stressor, severity and type of cell	Cellular Injury
Decreased oxygen delivery to tissue -> impaired oxidative phosphorylation -> decreased ATP -> cellular injurt	Hypoxia
Decreased blood flow through organ from: 1. decreased arterial perfusion, 2. decreased venous drainage, 3. shock	Ischemia
Thrombosis of hepatic vain	Budd-Chiari Syndrome
Polycythemia vera	MC cause of Budd Chiari Syndrome
Low partial pressure of oxygen in blood (PaO2 <60, SpO2 <90)	Hypoxemia
FiO2-> PAO2 -> PaO2 -> SpO2	Pathway of oxygen partial pressure
High altitude, Hypoventilation, Diffusion defect, V/Q mismatch	Causes of hypoxemia
Anemia, CO poisoning, Methemoglobinemia	Decreased O2-carrying capacity
Cherry red appearance of skin	Classic finding for CO poisoning
Headache	Earliest sign of CO exposure
Iron in heme is oxidized to Fe3+ which cannot bind O2	Methemoglobinemia
Fe 2+ ("Fe two binds O two")	Normal iron in heme
Cyanosis with chocolate colored blood	Classic finding for methemoglobinemia
IV methylene blue	Treatment for methemoglobinemia
No Na-K pump-> Na and water retention in cell; No Ca++ pump-> inc cytosolic Ca++; Shift to anaerobic glycolysis -> lactic acidosis -> protein denaturation	Effects of low ATP
Cellular swelling	Hallmark of reversible injury
Loss of microvilli; membrane blebbing; dissociation of ribosome from RER -> decreased protein synthesis	Effects of cellular swelling
Membrane damage (plasma membrane, mitochondrial membrane, lysosomal membrane)	Hallmark of irreversible injury
Cytosolic enzyme leakage (eg. cardiac biomarkers), increased intracellular [Ca++]	Plasma membrane damage
Loss of electron transport chain; leakage of cytochrome c -> apoptosis	Mitochondrial membrane damage
Leakage of hydrolytic enzymes into cytosol with activation by calcium	Lysosomal membrane damage
Inner mitochondrial membrane	Location of electron transport chain
Cell death	End result of irreversible injury