| population density pyramid | population = population density x land area |
| explain factors influencing population density and distribution | environmental, economic, social, political and historical factors |
| environmental factors that impact population density and distribution | Relief and Landforms: Mountains limit settlement, while flat land supports high populations.
Climate: Extreme climates deter settlement; moderate ones attract people.
Soil Fertility: Fertile land supports farming and higher densities. |
| economic factors that impact population density and distribution | Employment Opportunities: More jobs lead to higher population densities.
Infrastructure Development: Better transport and facilities attract people.
Availability of Resources: Resource-rich areas draw workers and industries. |
| social factors that impact population density and distribution | Quality of Life: Good healthcare, education, and housing increase density.
Cultural Attractions: Cities with cultural significance attract residents.
Social Services: More services make areas more desirable to live in. |
| political impacts of population density and distribution | Government Policies: Urban development policies boost populations.
Political Stability: Safe, stable regions attract people.
Zoning Laws: Land-use regulations shape population patterns. |
| historical impacts in population density and distribution | Colonial History: Former colonial centres remain densely populated.
Migration Patterns: Past migrations still influence settlement today.
Industrialisation: Early industrial hubs continue to attract people. |
| developing and developed countries examples | Developing countries (e.g., Nigeria): High percentage of young dependents due to high birth rates.
Developed countries (e.g., Japan): Aging population with a higher proportion of elderly. |
| effect of birth rate increasing | Population size grows due to more births.
Higher proportion of young dependents (0-14 years).
Common in developing countries due to high fertility rates. |
| effect of birth rate decreasing | Slower or declining population growth.
Smaller proportion of young people, leading to an aging population.
Seen in developed countries with lower fertility rates. |
| effect of death rate increasing | Decline in population size, especially if deaths outnumber births.
More elderly deaths can lead to a younger population structure.
Higher child mortality rates keep the proportion of young dependents lower. |
| effect of death rate decreasing | Population increases as people live longer.
Aging population develops due to longer life expectancy.
Often due to better healthcare and living conditions. |
| effect of high immigration | Population size increases rapidly.
Age composition may shift depending on the age of migrants (e.g., young workers in urban areas).
Can lead to more diversity in the population. |
| effect of high emigration | Population size declines, especially in rural or developing regions.
Loss of working-age adults can lead to a higher dependency ratio (more children and elderly left behind).
"Brain drain" in some countries if educated people leave. |
| dependency ratio | [young population (0 to 14) + old population (65+)] × 100
population aged 15 to 64 |
| reasons for differences between the population pyramid of an LIC and HIC | HICs - long life expectancy, fewer infant mortalities, more aged population, low birth rate, stable population growth, balances sexes
LICs - lower life expectancy, higher death rate, youthful populations, high birth rate, more population growth, imbalances sexes |
| impacts of ageing population on tax revenue | Lower Tax Revenues - as the proportion of elderly people (65+) increases, the working-age population (15-64) decreases.
Fewer people are employed, leading to reduced income tax collection.
Economic growth may slow down, reducing business and corporate tax contributions. |
| impacts of ageing population on higher pension spending | More elderly citizens rely on state pensions, increasing government spending.
If fewer workers contribute to pension funds, there may be a funding shortfall.
Governments may have to increase taxes or cut spending in other areas to maintain pensions. |
| impacts of ageing population on pressure on health care | Older people require more medical care due to age-related illnesses (e.g., heart disease, arthritis, dementia).
Increased demand for hospital services, medications, and elderly care facilities.
Higher government spending on healthcare may lead to funding shortages in other sectors. |
| impacts of ageing population on pressure to raise retirement age | Governments may increase the retirement age to keep people in the workforce longer.
This helps maintain tax revenues and reduce pension costs.
However, older workers may face health challenges, and younger workers may have fewer job opportunities. |
| improved availability of contraception effect | Positive Impacts:
Helps in reducing birth rates, leading to slower population growth.
Empowers individuals to make informed reproductive choices.
Challenges:
Cultural and religious opposition may hinder acceptance.
Logistical issues in distributing contraception in remote areas. |
| improved education about contraception effect | Positive Impacts:
Increases awareness and correct usage of contraceptives.
Contributes to lower unintended pregnancies and birth rates.
Challenges:
Requires overcoming misinformation and societal taboos.
Needs sustained funding and trained educators. |
| improved education and opportunities for women effect | Positive Impacts:
Educated women often choose to have fewer children, reducing birth rates.
Economic empowerment leads to improved family health and education.
Challenges:
Deep-seated gender biases may limit women's access to education and jobs.
Economic disparities can restrict the implementation of such programs. |
| improved health care effect | Positive Impacts:
Lower infant and maternal mortality rates.
Increased life expectancy contributes to an aging population.
Challenges:
Requires substantial investment in infrastructure and personnel.
May lead to higher dependency ratios as more individuals live longer. |
| pronatalist and antinatalist polices effect | Pronatalist Policies: Encourage higher birth rates through incentives like tax breaks and parental leave.
Example: Some countries offer financial incentives to families with multiple children.
Antinatalist Policies: Aim to reduce birth rates through measures like family planning and education.
Example: Public campaigns promoting smaller family norms. |
