| study of how bio systems perform their functions to maintain the steady-state internal environment | what is physiology? |
| FALSE | T/F: some cells live in isolation in the body. |
| all cells are designed differently so they can be specialized and the best at what they do | describe diversity in cells |
| 1. water and ions
2. proteins
3. carbohydrates
4. nucleic acid
5. lipids | what are the ingredients of a cell? (5) |
| to provide structure (filaments and tubules) and function (enzymes) | what is the purpose of proteins in a cell? |
| provide proper intracellular environment | what is the purpose of water and ions in a cell? |
| provide energy for cell | what is the purpose of carbohydrates in a cell? |
| energy and structure (membrane) | what is the purpose of lipids in a cell? |
| 1. membrane bound
2. non-membrane bound | two types of organelles |
| providing genetic information
- especially protein synthesis and replication | what is the purpose of nucleic acids in a cell? |
| 1. encloses contents
2. separates internal env from extracellular fluid
3. controls exchange of substance with env | what is the purpose of the cellular membrane? |
| 1. lipids
2. proteins | cellular membrane contains ______ and ______ that dictate structure and function. |
| phospholipids | what molecules primary makeup cellular membrane? |
| 1. phosphate head
2. lipid tail | what makes up a phospholipid? |
| 1. polar
2. hydrophilic | characteristics of phosphate head |
| 1. non-polar
2. hydrophobic
3. barrier to movement of water soluble solutions | characteristics of lipid tails |
| small, lipid-soluble molecules
-ex. O2, CO2 | what can pass through the cellular membrane on its own? |
| large, water-soluble molecules
-ex. amino acids, ions, glucose | what cannot pass through the cellular membrane on its own? |
| -fits b/w phospholipids
-determines permeability/impermeability of bilayer to water-soluble particles | what is the role of cholestrol? |
| -attach to lipids/proteins
-involved in intercellular interactions/attachments
-facilitate receptor/ligand interactions | what is role of carbohydrates? |
| loose carb coat of entire outside of cell
-important for signaling | what is a glycocalyx? |
| 1. integral
2. peripheral | two main types of membrane proteins |
| -embedded in membrane
-span from one side of membrane to the other
- ex. receptors and transporters | characteristics of integral proteins |
| -not attached
-sit on other proteins & can leave
-important for cellular communication | characteristics of peripheral proteins |
| -double-membraned, large pored
-contains genetic info (chromatins)
-DNA replication & mRNA transcription (proteins synthesis begins here) | nucleus |
| -continuous with nuclear envelope
-two types | endoplasmic reticulum |
| 1. smooth
2. rough | two types of ER |
| -ribosomes attached to outer surface
-synthesis of secreted/membrane proteins | characteristics of rough ER |
| -no ribosomes attached
-lipid synthesis | characteristics of smooth ER |
| transport vesicles | what brings products of ER to Golgi Apparatus? |
| -looks like flattened disks & located b/w ER and plasma membrane | golgi apparatus |
| 1. modification of proteins
2. package substances destined for secretion &/or intracellular organelles (ex. lysosomes) | functions of golgi apparatus (2) |
| 1. lysosomes
2. other destinations (ex. outside of cell) | where do vesicles sent from GA go? |
| -membrane bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes
-digestion of extracellular (ex. ingested food) & intracellular (ex. damaged cell structures) | lysosomes |
| -double-membraned "powerhouse" of cell synthesis & transports ATP
-contains maternal DNA
-inner cavity filled with matrix containing large quantities of enzymes necessary for energy production | mitochondria |
| -AKA intracellular fluid (soluble proteins, ions, metabolites, cytoskeleton elements)
-contains membranous and non-membranous organelles
-differs ALOT from ECF | cytosol |
| outside | is there a higher concentrations of NA+ inside or outside of cell? |
| inside | is there higher concentration of K+ inside or outside of cell? |
| maintenance of constant stable conditions in internal environment (ECF) | what is homeostasis? |
| cycle of events where status of conditions in monitored, evaluated, changed and remonitored | what is a feedback system? |
| controlled condition | monitored variable= |
| stimulus | disruption= |
| 1. receptor
2. control center
3. effector | 3 components of feedback system |
| monitor changes & sends input to control center | describe a receptor |
| sets range of values considered normal
-evaluates input and generates outputs | describe control center |
| receives output from control center
-generates a response | describe effector |
| -most common
-stimulus initiates action that reverses/reduces stimulus | negative feedback |
| -unusual
-increases size of input
-self-propagating
-results in explosive event
-only stops when stimulus removed
-ex. labor | positive feedback |
| -very interactive
-transports nutrients to cells; waste from cells
-occurs at capillaries | circulatory system & homeostasis |
| -gas exchange occurs
-gives blood O2; CO2 removed by blood | respiratory system & homeostasis |
| -absorbs nutrients after digestion
-delivers to circulatory system
-conserves water-> 9L in a day; 2L excreted | GI tract & homeostasis |
| -regulates H2O and solute balance
-conserves filtered nutrients (glucose & amino acids)
-excretes end products (urea/uric acid) | Kidney (Renal) & homeostasis |
| -releases hormones into ECF & carried in blood to target organs/cells
- regulates vital functions | Endocrine & homeostasis |
| -communication w/ outside world
-control systems w/i body
-large portion is autonomic (involuntary) control | Nervous System & homeostasis |
