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level: Abdomen and Urinary system

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Abdomen and Urinary system

Question	Answer
Pylorus of stomach Fundus of gallbladder Neck of pancreas Left kidney hilum and superior pole of right kidney Origin of SMA	What organs are found in the transpyloric plane?
By tapping by the costovertebral angle, it is possible to assess for inflammation of the kidney (positive CVA) (the acute angle formed on either side of the human back between the twelfth rib and the vertebral column)	What is the significance of the costovertebral angle?
Left kidney	Which kidney is higher?
Increased serum creatine (decreased GFR) Decreased urine output	Symptoms of acute kidney failure
decreased GFR for over 3 months	Symptoms of chronic kidney failure
1. Inspection 2. Auscultation 3. Percussion 4. Palpation (superficial, deep) Assess the tender areas (or areas in pain) last	The order of physical examination
Bruits of aorta and renal arteries Bowel sounds (4-12/min)	What sounds are expected to be heard in the auscultation of the abdomen
a rumbling or gurgling noise made by the movement of fluid and gas in the intestines.	Borborygmus
inflammation of the parietal peritoneum Positive cough test Patients prefer to lie still Percussion tenderness Guarding Rigidity (involuntary reflex contraction of abdominal wall) Rebound tenderness	Peritonitis
1. Leukocytes 2. Nitrite 3. Urobilinogen 4. Protein 5. pH 6. Blood 7. Specific gravity 8. Ketones; 9. bilirubin; 10. Glucose	What 10 things does the urine dipstick measure?
T12-L3	Level of kidneys
1. Excretion of metabolic waste and chemicals 2. Regulation of water and electrolytes (osmolality) 3. Regulation of pH 4. Regulation of bp 5. Regulation of RBC production 6. Vitamin D activation 7. Gluconeogenesis	Function of kidneys
The volume of fluid filtered by the kidneys per unit of time Calculated by estimation of creatine clearance Test used to check how well the kidneys are working. Specifically, it estimates how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute Normal >90 (60-89 for 60 years and higher)	Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
accumulation in the blood of nitrogenous waste products (urea, creatine,...) that are usually excreted in the urine	Azotemia