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level: Female Genitalia

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Female Genitalia

Question	Answer
Term that refers to the ovaries, fallopian tubes and supporting structures	Adnexa
1. production of oocytes 2. secretion of hormones: estrogen, progesterone and testosterone (stimulates growth of the uterus, endometrial lining, enlargement of the vagina, development of 2ndary sex characteristics)	function of the ovaries
support pelvic organs aid in sexual function (orgasm) Urinary and fecal continence Stabilize connecting joints	What does the pelvic floor do?
s3-5 The perineal membrane and the urogenital diaphragm are innervated by the pudendal nerve	How is the pelvic diaphragm innervated
a whitish/yellowish mucus discharge from vagina	leukorrhea
Vulva and lower vagina: inguinal lymph nodes Internal genitalia and upper vagina: pelvic and abdominal lymph nodes (not palpable)	Lymph
Age at onset of menses	Menarche
Pain w/ menses, often with bearing down, aching or cramping sensation in the lower abdomen or pelvis 50% of female patients Primary: results from increased prostaglandin production during luteal phase of menustrual cycle (when estrogen and progesterone levels decline) Secondary: include endometriosis, adenomyosis (endometriosis in muscular layers of uterus), pelvic inflammatory disease and endometrial polyps	Dysmenorrhea
a cluster of emotional, behavioral (depression, anxiety, confusion, sleep disturbances, ...) and physical symptoms occurring 5 days before menses for 3 consecutive cycles and interference with daily activities	Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
absence or suppression of normal menstrual flow Primary: absence of ever initiating periods Secondary: cessation of periods after they have been established (pregnancy, lactation, menopause, low body weight, stress, chronic illness, hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian dysfunction)	Amenorrhea
bleeding between menses, includes infrequent, excessive, prolonged or postmenopausal bleeding	Abnormal uterine bleeding
absence of menses for 12 consecutibe months, usually occurs between ages 48 and 55 Ovaries stop producing estradiol or progesterone and estrogen levels drop Pituitary secretion of LH and FSH become markedly elevated Women may experience mood shifts, changes in self-image, hot flashes (vasomotor changes), accelerated bone loss, increased in LDL, ...	Menopause
less than 21 days interval between menses	Polymenorrhea
abnormally light or infrequent menstruation	Oligomenorrhea
abnormally heavy or prolonged menstruation; can be a symptom of uterine tumors and can lead to anemia if prolonged	Menorrhagia
abnormal bleeding from the uterus; usually indicative of disease (as cervical cancer)	Metrorrhagia
bleeding from vagina after sexual intercourse suggests cervical polyps or cancer (in older females: atrophic vaginitis)	postcoital bleeding
Causes include endometrial cancer, hormone replacement therapy and uterine/cervical polyps	postmenopausal bleeding
Gravida: total number of pregnancies Para: outcome of pregnancies F (full term), P (premature), A (abortion), L (living child)	Gravida-Para system
A threatened abortion or dysfunctional uterine bleeding related to lack of ovulation (p.572)	Amenorrhea followed by heavy bleeding, is suggestive of what?
Pain with intercourse Superficial pain suggests local inflammation, atrophic vaginitis or inadequate lubrication Deep pain: pelvic disorders or pressure on normal ovary	Dyspareunia
Involuntary spasm of the muscles surrounding the vaginal orifice Makes penetration during intercourse painful or impossible muscular contraction that causes the vagina to close; usually an anxiety reaction before coitus or pelvic examination Could be due to physical or psychological reasons	Vaginismus
In menustrating women: ectopic pregnancies, ovarian torsion and appendicitis	What could be the cause of acute pelvic pain?
one-sided, lower abdominal pain associated with ovulation. Occurs midway through a menstrual cycle — about 14 days before your next menstrual period. In most cases doesn't require medical attention Lasts few hrs-days Due to: ovulation, ruptures ovarian cyst, tubo-ovarian abscess	Mittelschmerz
Sexual abuse	What is chronic pelvic pain a red flag for?
Pain that lasts for more than 6 months and doesn't respond to treatment Risk factors: advanced age, prior pelvic surgery, trauma, parity, childbirth, obesity, diabetes, MS, medication (anticholinergics), chronically increased intra-abdominal pressure (COPD; chronic constipation, obesity)	Chronic pelvic pain
Persistent infection with high-risk HPV subtypes (16 and 18: cause 70% of cervical cancers) Failure to undergo screening (50% of diagnosed women) Multiple sexual partners	Cervical cancer risk factor
3 dose over 6 mnths girls and boys ages 11 to 12 (before first sexual encounter) Prevents infection from 16, 18, 6 and 11	HPV vaccine
Abdominal distention Abdominal bloating Urinary frequency	Symptoms of ovarian cancer
Family histroy BRCA1 and 2 mutation Obesity Nulliparity Postmenopausal hormonal replacement therapy	Risk factors of ovarian cancer
age <26 multiple partners prior history of STIs	Risk factors for chlamydia
Fertility awareness/periodic abstinence, withdrawal, lactation	Natural methods of contraception
Subdermal implant, IUD, female sterilaization and vasectomy	Most affective contraception methods