| Psychological Disorder | A psychological disfunction that causes impairment/distress to an individual and and elicts a response that is typically/culturally unexpected |
| Different types of Mental health Practitioners | Clinical Psychologists (cause, treat, assess, diagnose) |
| Science Practitioner Approach | consumer of science, evaluator of practice, creator of science, evidence based |
| what is abnormal? | statistically infrequent, violate social norms, personal distress/impairment |
| What is Stigma? | Cues (psychiatric symptoms, social deficit, labels, physical appearance), Stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination |
| historical perspective | - supernatural causes mental illness, possession by demons/evil/witches/spirits, treatment includes shock and exorcism |
| Biological Perspective - Hippocrates | Disturbance is caused by fluids/humors |
| Different fluids/humors | 1) blood (heart), 2) yellow bile (liver), 3) phlem (brain), 4) black bile (spleen) |
| Psychological Perspective | Moral therapy, Asylums (dix), Mesmerism, Hysteria/Hypnosis, Freud |
| Freuds Structure of the Mind | id - pleasure principle. ego - mediator of the two, reality principle. superego - conscious, reasoning |
| defense mechanisms | denial, repression, projection, reaction formation, displacement, sublimation, rationalization, regression, identification, intellectualization |
| Psychoanalysis | free association, dream analysis, transference, therapy |
| free association | say whatever comes to mind |
| dream analysis | dreams tell you your unconscious thoughts, interpret them to know what your really feeling |
| Humanistic Perspective | Rogers (person-centered therapy, unconditional positive regard, relate to the person), Gestalt therapy |
| Integrated approach | Biological influences: genes, diathesis stress model (predisposed to disorders), brain/neurotransmitters |
| Assessment Tools | reliable (consistent), valid (measures what its suppose to), standard |
| types of assessment tools | projective tests, objective tests, behavioural assessment, biological assessment, clinical interview |
| Projective Tests | - shown a picture/series and asked what you think of it, how you interpret it. access the unconscious mind/motivations that are unaccessible by self-report. advantages: target what the patient doesnt verbally say. Disadvantages: controversial (reliability and validity), reliance on interpretation |
| Objective tests | Questionnaires: advantages - specific, easy, comparison easy, objective, standard, rely on self-report. disadvantage: people can lie easily, non-comprehensive, not individualized, limited infomriaton, no non-verbal information |
| behavioural assessment | observe the patient in a particular setting. advantages: targets behavior, direct observation, standard, objective, individualized. Disadvantages: may cause bahavior to change, time consuming, expensive |
| biological assessment | neuroimaging (CT, MRI, fMRI, PET), neuropsychology (look for defecits when doing certain activities), neurophysiological (look at bodily changes) |
| Clinical Assessment | Structured/semistructured/unstructured interviews |
| Mental Staus Exam | Behaviour/Appearance, thought process, intellectual functioning, sensorium, mood/affect |
| internal/external validity | internal - confident that independent variable measures what its suppose to. external - how well your results relate to things outside your study |
| research designs | experiements, case studies, correlational study, longitudinal (observe group), epidemiological (prevalance, incident, risk facotrs), qualitative |
| anxiety | less intense, longer lasting then panic, more about the future, prolonged state of apprehension/worry/fear/mood state |
| fear | here and now, more acute emotional alarm/reaction |
| specific phobias | fear/anxiety about something specific. irrational and avoid what your scared of. phobia is when a fear causes distress or disturbs your everyday life. treatment: exposure therapy (VR reality) |
| different categories of phobias | animal, environmental, situational, blood-injection-injury, other |
| social anxiety disorder | intense fear of social situations where you may be judged. onset is 15 y/o and duration about 20 years. treatment: cognitive group therapy |
| panic disorder | recurring, intense, unexpected panic attacks. symptoms: sweating, raised heart beat, shortness of breath, fain, fear of dying/going crazy, temperature changes. onset is late 20's |
| agoraphobia | fear of situations where you cannot escape or get help |
| general anxiety disorder | uncontollable/excessive worry about everything/little everyday things. symptoms: trouble sleeping/concentrating, irritable, muscle tension |
| psychological influence of mental illness | childhood experiences, stress/trauma, personality, learned helplessness (depression), hopelessness (depression) |
| biological influences on mental illness | genes, vulnerability, neurotransmitters, behavioral inhibition system (anxiety), fight or flight mode (anxiety) |
| anxiety treatments | - drug therapy (bezodiazepines - short term relief, addictive, side-effects or SSRIs - more long term, several weeks), CBT (exposure therapy), Cognitive techniques (thought records, cognitive distorition, cognitive restructuring, problem solving) |
| MDD | at least 2 weeks with 5 or more symptoms. symptoms: depressed mood, loss in interest of pleasureable things, difficulty sleeping, lethargic, agitated, change in weight/appetite, loss of energy, fatigue, negative self- oncept, guily, worhtless, suicide thoughts |
| PDD | frequent depressed feeligns for 2 or more years with 2 or more symptoms. symptoms: despressed mood, appetite chagnes, low energy, fatigue, low self esteem, poor concentration |
| premenstrually dysphoric disorder | at least 1 (irritable, angry, depressed, anxious), at least 1 (decreased interest, trouble concentrating, appetite change, lethargy, sleep issues, ovewhelmed, phsyical symptoms) |
| Bipolar I disorder | at least 1 Manic episode, often at least 1 MDD episode |
| Bipolar II disorder | 1 hypomanic episode, 1 MD episode usually, never been manic |
| cyclothymic disorder | cycles of sub-par hypothymic/depressive episodes. rapid cycles (4x per year) |
| specifiers of depression | psychotic features (hallucination/delusion), anxious, mixed features, melancholic features, catatonic features, atypical, peripatum onset, seasonal |
| mania | lasts 1 week, extreme mood elevation, symptoms (3+): inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, more talkative, racing thoughts, irritability, violence is common |
| hypermania | lasts around 4 days, less extreme then mania |
| Treatment for depression | - electroconculsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, cbt, drugs, interpersonal therapy |
| treatments for bipolar | CBT, medication, psychoeducation, cognitive therapy, interpersonal therapy |
