| Finish the sentence:
Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System may result from pathology of either the __________ or the ___________ | Disorders of the _________ may result from pathology of either the central nervous system or the peripheral nervous system. |
| Autonomic Nervous System disorders either involve the ________ or the ________. | Brain, Spinal Cord. |
| Name 2 subacute neuropathic conditions | 1. Subacute autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy (AAG)
• a. Subacute paraneoplastic autonomic neuropathy
• b. Guillain-Barré syndrome
• c. Botulism
• d. Porphyria
• e. Drug induced autonomic neuropathies: stimulants, drug
withdrawal, vasoconstrictor, vasodilators, beta-receptor
antagonists, beta-agonists. •Toxic autonomic neuropathies |
| It should be considered in all patients with unexplained orthostatic hypotension, syncope, sleep dysfunction, altered sweating (hyperhidrosis or hypohidrosis), constipation, upper gastrointestinal symptoms (bloating, nausea, vomiting of old food), impotence, or bladder disorders (urinary frequency, hesitancy, or incontinence). | Autonomic Dysfunction |
| Name 2 Symptoms of Autonomic Dysfunction | Impotence (sexual dysfunction in men), bladder dysfunction (mainly in women, often with CNS involvement), Cold Feet (possible peripheral vasomotor dysfuntion).
Gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction typically presents as
severe constipation or Diarrhea (diabetes).
Orthostatic or (postural) hypotension is perhaps the most disabling feature of autonomic dysfunction. |
| What is Myasthenia Gravis? What is the biomechanical cause of the symptoms? | This condition is characterised by progressive fatigable weakness, particularly of the ocular, neck, facial and bulbar muscles (swallowing/speaking/chewing). Eventually effects other body parts, like the limbs.
CAUSE: reduced acetylcholine receptors via inflamation response to antibodies e which reduces the number
of acetylcholine receptors and damages the end plate (oversimplified; inhibited ACH reception). |
| _______ ________ - a group of inherited disorders
characterized by progressive degeneration of groups of
muscles, with cardiomyopathy, | Muscular Dystrophies |
| __________a disorder characterized by persistent and unexplained fatigue resulting in severe impairment in daily functioning.
Name two of the additional symptoms of this syndrome | Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS),
Additional Symptoms: pain, cognitive dysfunction, unrefreshing
sleep, headache, sore throat, tender lymph nodes, muscle
aches, joint aches, feverishness, difficulty sleeping,
psychiatric problems, allergies, and abdominal cramps.
Impaired memory |
| __________ - It is a clinical syndrome characterized by a loss of
previously acquired intellectual function in the absence of impairment of arousal. | Dementia |
| Alzheimer’s disease | The key clinical feature is impairment of the
ability to remember information acquired in the past.
(Later on: Gradual impairment of memory, short-term (more obvious)
and long-term memory are both affected, as well as apraxia, visuo-spatial impairment and aphasia. It is common for patients to deny that there is anything wrong (anosognosia).) |
| Chronic fatigue syndrome requires the existence of 4 from a list of criteria. Name 4. | Severe persistent and unexplained fatigue lasting >6 months (required),
impaired memory, lymph node tenderness, muscle pain, joint pain, headache, non-refreshing sleep, malaise after exertion |
| What can cause chronic fatigue syndrome? | Somatic events (pregnancy, infection, illness)
Psychosocial stress/life events (military experience, family death, job loss)
NOT the result of organic disease. |
| What is on of the most effective treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome? | Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
Graded exercise therapy (GET) |
| What is dementia? What are some symptoms? | Dementia is a term for a GROUP of symptoms. This group of symptoms show problems with: memory, thinking, problem solving, language and perception.
Over all cognitive ability. |
| What is the most common cause of Dementia? | Alzheimer's, diffuse vascular syndrome |
| What are the two main groups of dementia? | Early-onset and late-onset. |
| Do genetics play a part in Alzheimer's, or is the cause unknown? | Yes, genetics play an important role, and 15% of cases are familial. |
| What is the KEY clinical feature in Alzheimer's disease? | Impaired memory recollection. Usually short-term memory is the most obvious, and long-term memory is effected as the disease progresses. |
| Besides memory loss, what are some other features of Alzheimer's? Name 2. | APRAXIA (Inability to perform complex movements in the
presence of normal motor, sensory and cerebellar function)
VISUO-SPACIAL IMPAIRMENT ("clumsiness")
APHASIA (language impairment)
ANOSOGNOSIA (denial anything is wrong)
DEPRESSION |
| Besides medications, what are some supportive things family can do for their loved ones suffering from dementia and Alzheimer's? | Providing a SUPPORTIVE and FAMILIAR environment. Be patient. |
