How can plasmids be inserted into bacteria?

1. competent cell preparation: pick a cell colony, culture it at 37ᵒC, prepare the cells at 4ᵒC, freeze cells at -70ᵒC. 2. transformation, e.g. through chemical or physical transformation. 3. recovery in an antibiotic-free medium to allow for expression of antibiotic resistance genes. 4. cell plating on agar plate to determine transformation efficiency.