What are morphologic methods of diagnosing cancer?

We see benign and malignant, but middle not very much, clinical and radio not optimal, radiation induced changes can be similar to tumors, sections of healing fracture can mimic osteosarcoma, best is to get specimen (excision, FNA, cytologic smear) Frozen section (determine nature of mass lesion, evaluate lymph nodes, quick frozen section gets evaluation w/in minutes) FNA (cytologic exam after aspiration, more for palpable lesions like thyroid, breast, nodes, salivary glands, some deeper like liver, pancreas, pelvis nodes) Cytologic smears (PAP for cervix, liquids (CSF, abdominal), neoplasms are shed into liquid)