2. How did the Arab-Israeli conflict develop1948-79?
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| What was the UN Partition Plan of Palestine? | A 1947 plan to divide Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. |
| What event marked the declaration of the State of Israel? | The declaration in 1948 and the formation of the IDF (Israeli Defense Forces). |
| What was the Arab League’s view on the solution to the Palestine problem? | The establishment of a unitary Palestinian state. |
| What year did the Arab League form, and what protocol initiated it? | 1945, with the signing of the Alexandria Protocol. |
| Who were the founding members of the Arab League? | Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Jordan (Transjordan), and Yemen. |
| Which countries fought against Israel in the 1948-9 Arab-Israeli War? | Lebanon, Syria, Transjordan, Iraq, and Egypt. |
| What was one of the Arab League's main aims in 1945? | To restore law and order and prevent further bloodshed in Palestine. |
| How did the United Kingdom influence the Arab League’s creation? | In 1942, it promoted the idea of forming the Arab League. |
| When did the first phase of the Arab-Israeli War occur, and how did it end? | 15 May – 10 June 1948, ending with a ceasefire. |
| Which Arab force invaded from the south, and what was their size? | The Egyptian army, consisting of 10,000 troops. |
| What role did the Israeli air force play in the first phase? | The new Israeli air force (Sherut Avir) halted the Egyptian offensive. |
| What challenges did the Arab forces from the north face? | Syrian, Iraqi, and Lebanese troops attacked separately with little coordination. |
| What was the outcome of the Battle for Jerusalem during this phase? | The Arab Legion took the Old City (eastern Jerusalem), while Israelis were blockaded in western Jerusalem. |
| What was the main focus of Egyptian forces during the second phase? | An attack on Negba, followed by an Israeli counter-offensive that pushed them back. |
| What territorial gain did Israel achieve on the northern front? | Control of most of the Galilee region. |
| What was the result of Israel’s efforts in Jerusalem during this phase? | Israel secured more land in the Jerusalem Corridor but failed to recapture the Old City from the Arab Legion. |
| Who was Count Bernadotte, and what happened to him during the second phase? | A UN mediator who proposed a peace plan but was assassinated by the Stern Gang. |
| What change occurred within the Israeli military after Bernadotte’s assassination? | Rgun and Stern Gang were incorporated into the IDF (Israeli Defence Forces). |
| What was Israel's focus during its offensive in the north? | To eliminate remaining pockets of resistance and gain complete control of Galilee. |
| What happened to Egyptian troops in the south during this phase? | They were driven out by Israeli forces. |
| What was the situation in Jerusalem during the third phase? | A stalemate, with parts of the city controlled by both Jordanian and Israeli forces. |
| What was Israel’s position by the start of the third and final ceasefire? | They were in complete control. |
| How many lives did Israel lose during the war, and what percentage of the population was this? | 6,000 lives lost, equivalent to 1% of the population. |
| What percentage of the land did Israel control after the war? | 79%, compared to 55% allocated by the UN Partition Plan. |
| What term is used by Palestinians to describe the events of 1948? | Nakba, meaning catastrophe or disaster. |
| How many Palestinian Arabs became refugees as a result of the war? | Approximately 700,000. |
| Where did most Palestinian refugees end up after the war? | In Gaza or the West Bank. |
| What were the terms of the armistice with Egypt? | Confirmed pre-war borders, with Egypt maintaining military control of Gaza. |
| What did Jordan gain in its armistice with Israel? | Control of the West Bank and the Old City of Jerusalem, while Israel controlled western Jerusalem. |
| What was agreed upon in the armistice with Syria? | A UN-negotiated settlement where Syrian troops withdrew, and Israel kept the area demilitarised. |
| What was the Arab League's policy on Palestinian refugees? | Refugees had the right to return to their homes or be compensated by Israel. |
| What law did Israel pass in 1950, and what did it grant? | The Law of Return, granting any Jew in the world the right to become an Israeli citizen. |
| How much financial aid did Israel receive annually, and from whom? | Approximately $1 billion a year from the US Government and US Zionists. |
| Who was the Egyptian president that nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956? | Gamal Abdel Nasser. |
| Who was the French Prime Minister that collaborated with the UK and Israel during the Suez Crisis? | Guy Mollet. |
| Which U.S. President opposed the invasion and pressured the involved nations to withdraw? | Dwight D. Eisenhower. |
| Who was the Soviet leader that condemned the invasion and supported Egypt during the crisis? | Nikita Khrushchev. |
| What was the major commodity transported through the Suez Canal by 1950? | Oil, which accounted for 50% of all traffic through the canal. |
| What triggered the Suez Crisis in 1956? | Nasser's occupation and nationalization of the Suez Canal. |
| What was the British stance on the Suez Canal before the crisis? | Britain had agreed in 1968 to return the canal to Egypt. |
| How did the creation of Israel impact Arab sentiment in the region? | Arabs were angry at Israel's creation, viewing the USA as a supporter of Israel and Britain and France. |
| What was Nasser's attitude toward decolonization? | Nasser aimed to remove British influence from the region, rejecting U.S. efforts to make him join an anti-Soviet alliance. |
| What was the Middle East Treaty Organization (METO), and which countries were involved? | METO was a British-influenced alliance in 1955, involving Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and Turkey—no Arab states were included. |
| How did Nasser view the role of the Soviet Union in the region? | Nasser saw the USSR as a potential ally, as the Soviets had no history of imperialism in the Middle East and were willing to supply weapons to Egypt. |
| What was Nasser’s vision for Egypt and the Arab world? | Nasser wanted to make Egypt the center of a Pan-Arab organization, independent of U.S. or Soviet influence. |
| How did the Suez Crisis symbolize a global shift in power dynamics? | It symbolized the decline of Western colonial dominance as newly independent nations asserted their sovereignty. |
| What did Nasser’s nationalisation of the Suez Canal represent for Egypt? | It represented Egypt’s assertion of its right to control its own resources and infrastructure. |
| How did the Suez Crisis affect Anglo-American relations? | The U.S. condemnation of the invasion highlighted diverging priorities between the U.S. and its European allies. |
| How did the United Nations contribute to the Suez Crisis? | The UN's peacekeeping intervention highlighted its growing role in managing global peace and post-colonial conflicts. |
| How did the Suez Crisis impact Nasser's position in the Arab world? | It strengthened his leadership and inspired anti-colonial movements across the region, bolstering Pan-Arab nationalism. |
| Why was control of the Suez Canal so crucial for Western powers? | The canal was vital for international trade and oil transportation, making its nationalisation a direct threat to Western economic interests. |
| Which countries did Israel fight against during the Six-Day War? | Syria, Jordan, and Egypt. |
| What was the result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War for Israel? | Israel lost territories to Jordan (West Bank), Egypt (Gaza Strip), and Syria (Golan Heights). |
| Which previous conflict involved Israel, the UK, and France against Egypt? | The Suez Crisis of 1956-57. |
| What caused the escalation in Middle-East tensions before the Six-Day War? | Border disputes, Palestinian guerilla raids, and false reports of Israeli troop movements. |
| What action did Egyptian President Nasser take that escalated tensions in 1967? | Nasser sent troops into the Sinai and expelled UN peacekeepers. |
| What strategic waterway did Nasser ban Israeli shipping from? | The Straits of Tiran. |
| How did the international community attempt to prevent conflict between Israel and the Arab nations in 1967? | By urging both sides to refrain from starting a conflict and reopen the Straits of Tiran. |
| What military strategy did Israel employ at the start of the Six-Day War? | A preemptive aerial strike. |
| How much of the Egyptian air force did Israel destroy on June 5, 1967? | Approximately 90%. |
| What territory did Israel capture from Jordan during the war? | The West Bank and East Jerusalem. |
| What was the significance of Israel capturing East Jerusalem? | It allowed Jews to pray at the Western Wall, a sacred site in Judaism. |
| Which region did Israel capture from Syria during the war? | The Golan Heights. |
| What was the reaction in Israel to the war's outcome? | Ubilation for the capture of Gaza, Golan Heights, the West Bank, and East Jerusalem. |
| What was the reaction in Egypt following the war? | President Nasser resigned but later regained power due to public support. |
| What did the Khartoum Resolution of 1967 promise? | "No peace, no recognition, and no negotiation with Israel." |
| How many Palestinian Arabs were brought under Israeli rule after the war? | Approximately one million. |
| What was one long-term consequence of the Six-Day War for Israel? | The victory led to overconfidence, which contributed to setbacks in the 1973 Yom Kippur War. |
| Which territories captured during the Six-Day War were later returned to Egypt and withdrawn from by Israel? | The Sinai Peninsula (returned to Egypt in 1982) and Gaza (withdrawn from by Israel in 2005). |
| What was the Surprise Attack during the Yom Kippur War of 1973? | A coordinated assault by Egypt and Syria on Israel, taking advantage of the religious holiday. |
| What was the Oil Embargo in response to the Yom Kippur War? | An Arab-led oil embargo against Western nations that supported Israel. |
| What were the Camp David Accords? | A peace agreement brokered in 1978 between Egypt and Israel, resolving war-related issues and marking the first peace treaty between Israel and an Arab nation. |
| What areas did Israel control before the Yom Kippur War? | Israel controlled the Golan Heights and Sinai. |
| What was the nature of the war between March 1969 and August 1970? | A limited but prolonged war of attrition, with Nasser launching raids against Israeli positions on the eastern bank of the Suez Canal. |
| Why did Anwar Sadat want to engage in the Yom Kippur War after becoming President of Egypt? | Sadat believed the fighting over the Suez Canal was draining Egyptian finances and morale, and he also sought the reclamation of the Sinai Peninsula. |
| What did Sadat offer in return for Israel's withdrawal from Sinai in the 1971-2 period? | Sadat indicated a willingness to recognize the state of Israel, reopen the Suez Canal to international shipping, and extend the ceasefire. |
| How did Sadat try to influence U.S. foreign policy regarding Israel? | Sadat attempted to convince the U.S. to pressure Israel to accept his terms for peace. |
| What significant action did Sadat take in 1972 regarding Soviet influence in Egypt? | Sadat expelled 15,000 Soviet military advisers from Egypt. |
| Why did Sadat believe the stalemate could only be broken by war? | Sadat believed that Egypt's military had improved with Soviet aid, and that only an international crisis could force superpowers to intervene. |
| Which countries did Egypt form closer alliances with in the lead-up to the war? | Egypt became closely allied with Saudi Arabia and Syria. |
| What did the Egyptian forces achieve during their initial offensive in the Sinai? | Egyptian forces crossed the Suez Canal, broke through Israeli fortifications, and destroyed 300 Israeli tanks. |
| What limited the effectiveness of the Israeli air force during the Egyptian offensive? | The strong anti-aircraft SAM systems used by Egypt prevented the effectiveness of the Israeli air force. |
| How did Israel respond to the Egyptian offensive by 15 October? | Israel launched a counter-attack, pushing onto the Egyptian mainland and encircling the Egyptian Third Army. |
| What was the outcome of the Syrian offensive in the Golan Heights during the war? | Syrian forces initially overwhelmed Israeli defenses with 500 tanks, but by 12 October, Israel started to repel the Syrian advance. |
| What was "Operation Nickel Grass" initiated by the United States? | A massive airlift to resupply Israel with military equipment, including tanks, artillery, and ammunition, to counter Soviet aid to Arab states. |
| How much military aid did the United States airlift to Israel by December 1973? | Thousands of tons of advanced weaponry, including fighter-bombers, helicopters, tanks, SAMs, and artillery. |
| What military aid did the Soviet Union send to Egypt and Syria during the war? | 12,000 to 15,000 tons of military supplies, with an additional 60,000 tons sent to Syria by sea, including tanks, artillery, and possibly nuclear weapons. |
| What did President Nixon request on October 19, 1973? | $2.2 billion in emergency aid for Israel, reflecting the USA's commitment to Israeli defense. |
| When did the USA place its nuclear forces on DEFCON 3, and why? | On October 25, 1973, in response to the Soviet proposal for intervention, signaling a superpower standoff. |
| What did the Soviet Union begin doing on October 9, 1973? | The USSR began an airlift to resupply Egypt and Syria with arms, ammunition, and military equipment. |
| How did the Soviet Union escalate its resupply efforts on October 12, 1973? | The USSR intensified its resupply effort, conducting over 100 flights to deliver military aid. |
| What did the USSR propose on October 24, 1973, that raised concerns about superpower conflict? | The USSR proposed joint US-Soviet military intervention to enforce the UN ceasefire, raising fears of direct superpower conflict. |
| How did Egypt regain political prestige after the Yom Kippur War? | Egypt regained political prestige after the initial military success and recovered part of the Sinai Peninsula through diplomacy (Camp David Accords, 1978). |
| What was the impact of the war on Syria? | Syria failed to reclaim the Golan Heights, suffered significant military losses, and continued its hostility with Israel, maintaining tensions in the region. |
| How did Israel fare in the Yom Kippur War? | Israel successfully repelled Egyptian and Syrian forces after early setbacks, retained the Golan Heights and most of the Sinai, but faced criticism for intelligence failures and high casualties, leading to internal political unrest. |
| What was the result of the war for the United States? | The United States enhanced its influence in the Middle East by brokering peace agreements (e.g., Camp David), strengthened ties with Israel, but faced backlash from Arab nations. |