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Bio-Cells


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prokaryote
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no nucleus & no membrane bound organelles

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Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; made of phospholipids
Prokaryote
No nucleus & no membrane bound organelles
Eukaryote
Membrane bound organelles & nucleus
Histone proteins
Increases surface area and allows for reading of any section (chromatin)
Ribosomes
Produce proteins
Histone proteins
Increases surface area and allows for reading of any section (chromatin)
Organelles
Nucleus, mitochondria, e.r, chloroplast, golgi, vacuole, lysosome; make cell efficient by adding a membrane
Histone proteins
Increases surface area and allows for reading of any section (chromatin)
All cells have
Dna, ribosomes, cell membrane, cytosol (liquid that all chemical reactions and cell components are suspended in)
Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; made of phospholipids
Efficiency
High surface area to volume ratio (small cells)
Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; made of phospholipids
Why are cells different?
They make different proteins in ribosomes
Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; made of phospholipids
How do organelles make cells efficient
Make cells efficient by adding membrane
(structure) phospholipid bilayer/plasma membrane
Phosphate (polar) lipid (nonpolar)
Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; made of phospholipids
Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; made of phospholipids
(function) selectively permeable
Allows passage of certain molecules based on structure (oxygen, nutrients, waste)
Isn't connect; free to move
Phospholipid bilayer
Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; made of phospholipids
Protein channel
Types of protein channels determines what it lets in; makes more protein channels if it needs to
Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; made of phospholipids
Water
Holds cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) together
Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; made of phospholipids
Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; made of phospholipids
Nucleus
Genetic instructions are housed here (DNA)
Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; made of phospholipids
Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; made of phospholipids
Ribosomes (not an organelle)
Produce proteins in cytosol (free) or the outside of the ER or nuclear envelope (bound)
Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; made of phospholipids
Mitochondria
Releases energy (atp) after taking in sugar; change energy from one form to another; has 2 membrane to increase surface area (increase efficiency)
Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; made of phospholipids
Chloroplasts
Photosynthesis/store energy; change energy from one form to another
Golgi
Package and modify (may add molecules to make final functional state)
Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; made of phospholipids
Vacuoles
Storage; large vesicles derived from ER and golgi; budd off proteins; made up of phospholipids
Lysosomes
Contains hydrolytic enzymes for breaking down substances (macromolecules)
Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; made of phospholipids
Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; made of phospholipids
Centrioles
Needed for mitosis/meiosis
Cell fractionation
Takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another; enables scientists to determine functions of organelles
Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; made of phospholipids
Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; made of phospholipids
Blood (top to bottom)
Plasma (water, ions, sugar, CO2) White blood cell Red Blood Cell (most dense)
Vacuoles
Large vesicles derived from ER and Golgi
Vacuoles
Large vesicles derived from ER and Golgi
What do phospholipids selectively choose? (property)
First big or small (small) small: oxygen, co2, water, salt big: sugar, hormones, proteins, amino acids big molecules use protein channel NONPOLAR HYDROPHOBIC can pass through
Why are plant cells efficient?
Plant cells have no surface area in vacuole
Types of domains
Prokaryote vs. eukaryote
Types of kingdoms
Animal, plant, archaebacteria, eubacteria, fungi, protist
Identifying using microscopes
Look for ones by themselves
Chain
Strepto
Circles
Cocci
Rods
Bicillis
Histone proteins
Increases surface area and allows for reading of any section (chromatin)
Free ribosomes
Freely float around in cytosol
Attached ribosomes
Bound to outside of endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
Endomembrane system (similar to essay)
Creates modifies and transports proteins; made of phospholipids; nucleus, er, golgi, lysosome, vacuole, vesicles, plasma membrane
Spirillum (prokaryote-bacteria)
Https://live.staticflickr.com/7017/6414379075_e55179fcee_t.jpg
Bacillus (prokaryote-bacteria)
Https://live.staticflickr.com/6101/6414374677_86b1c87604_t.jpg
Cocci (prokaryote-bacteria)
Https://live.staticflickr.com/4561/37952049155_4d7c4d9244_t.jpg
Smooth ER
Makes lipids (hydrophobic)
Rough ER
Has ribosomes on the surface; makes proteins (hydrophilic)
Litic
To break down
Amoeba (eukaryote-protist)
Https://live.staticflickr.com/2658/4098743813_09ab6d44f6_t.jpg
Glycoprotein
(cell ID) identifies; ex: bacteria cells don't have same ___ as your cell
Paramecium (eukaryote-protist)
Https://live.staticflickr.com/5149/5689797940_88675f19a3_t.jpg
Microfilament (support beams)
Structural; flexible; gives cells shape
Euglena (eukaryote-protist)
Https://live.staticflickr.com/5337/8999902391_dbe29c4e71_t.jpg
Microtubules
Hollow tubes; thicker; transports things (motor proteins walk on it)
Spirogyra (eukaryote-protist)
Https://live.staticflickr.com/4047/4674687677_c009809dfa_t.jpg
Yeast (eukaryotic-fungi)
Https://live.staticflickr.com/5105/5581057587_8657583227_t.jpg
Open end
Uglena
Cillia
Paramecium
Cheek (eukaryotic-animal)
Https://live.staticflickr.com/1735/42025589824_2e534d794f_t.jpg
Vacuoles
Storage; pump excess water out of the cells (contractile-freshwater protists); hold organic compounds and water (central)
Potato (eukaryotic-plants)
Https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/50859893903_183d6b1f69_t.jpg
Cell wall
Found in plants and prokaryotes; protects, maintains shape, prevents excess water uptake
Onion (eukaryotic-plants)
Https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/50860608091_ae853413ac_t.jpg
Extracellular matrix
Environment outside of the cell
Elodea (eukaryotic-plant)
Https://c1.staticflickr.com/9/8036/7980690405_01b4d965ac_t.jpg
Plasmodesmata
Plants; connects cytoplasm
Tight
Keeps something inside; prevents leakage of extracellular fluid (epithelial tissues that line organs); force things (bladder)
Desmosomes
Hold tissues together (skin, heart, muscles); things can freely pass through
Vesicle
Membrane bound sack that stores and transports substances
Vacuoles
Large vesicles derived from ER and Golgi