Agricultural Studies
Sources: - McConnell's The Agricultural Notebook, Soffe, 2010 - AHDB - IAgSA, Farm Office Handbook, 2012
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Agricultural Studies - Details
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61 questions
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| What type of cropping was discovered to caused soil erosion and leaching of nutrients more than others in the Houghton Report 1996 on The Sustainable Use of Soil? | These losses were most common on arable land under continuous winter cereal cropping. |
| What forms the structure of soil? | The way individual particles of sand, silt and clay are arranged. |
| What forms the texture of soil? | The amount of primary particles of sand, silt and clay, in the soil. |
| Coarse-textured sandy soil come from such minerals as? | Sandstone and granite |
| Fine-textured soils come from such base rock as? | Mudstone and slate |
| What are the components of a well managed soil? | 45% Minerals, 5% Organic Matter, 25% Air and 25% Water |
| What mineral plays no part in nutrient retention? | Quartz (silicon dioxide), because it is chemically unreactive. |
| What role does sodium hydroxide play in soil texture testing? | It separates individual particles. |
| What role does hydrogen peroxide play in soil texture testing? | It destroys organic matter. |
| What mineral is very reactive? | Clay minerals are. |
| What affects the reactiveness of minerals? | An increasing surface area with a decreasing particle size. |
| What causes the formation and development of soils? | Mineral particles of sand, silt and clay mixed with organic matter by soil organisms. |
| What are the soil characteristics that aid in soil structure development? | In order of importance: Organic Matter, Clay, Calcium Carbonate, and Iron Oxide. |
| What are the characteristics of well structured soil? | High porosity, low density, adequate water storage, free drainage and movement of air within the soil profile. |
| What are the indicators of well structured soil shown by a plants root system? | A fine fibrous root system |
| What is Tilth? | Finely structured surface soils that have been worked through cultivation into ideal conditions for germination and growth. |
| What is Bulk Density in soils? | The mass of oven-dry soil per unit volume, dependant on the densities of the constituent soil particles and how they are packed together. |
| What is the minimum level of volume of macropores in soil, before there is insufficient air for root respiration. | It must not fall below 10% |
| What are Macrofauna soil organisms? | These are the structural engineers of soils. They incorporate organic matter, create aeration, and provide channels for root growth. Examples are: Ants, beetles, earthworms, moles, millipedes and spiders. |
| What are Mesofauna soil organisms? | These are the organisms that break down organic matter, feed on bacteria or fungi, but may also eat dead organic matter and help nutrient cycling. Examples are: Mites and Springtails (Collembola) |
| What are Microfauna soil organisms? | These organisms are Protists and Nematodes. They release nutrients useful to plants. Nematodes are a diverse group, including plant parasites and predators that feed on bacteria, fungi or other nematodes. Protists, for the most part, feed off soil bacteria. |
| What are Microorganisms in soils? | These are the bacteria, fungi and viruses in the soil. They help in soil stability (aggregate formation), decomposition of organic matter, nutrient cycling, nutrient uptake by plants, disease suppression, induced systemic resistance, plant growth promotion, production of antibiotics and hormones, and the breakdown of toxins (pesticides, pollutants). |
| What are Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi? | Fungi who form associations with plants, living within the root tissue itself improving nutrient uptake, in particular phosphorus. |
| What are Ectomycorrhizal fungi? | Fungi who form a sheath around the root, increasing the volume of soil that can be accessed for nutrients. |
| What are Nitrogen-fixing rhizobia? | Bacteria who are associated with leguminous plant's roots fixing atmospheric nitrogen into a form that is useable by the plant. |
| What are Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)? | Bacteria that colonise plant roots and benefit plants through mechanisms such as suppression of plant disease, production of antibiotics, improved nutrient acquisition, or phytohormone production. |
| What are Deleterious microorganisms? | Microbial interactions in the rhizosphere that have a detrimental effect on the plant without visible symptoms. |
| Dark, red-headed earthworms Small sized, about the length of a matchstick Fast moving | Epigeic (litter-dwelling earthworms) |
| Pale-coloured and green (not red). Small to medium size. Often curl up when handled. | Endogeic (topsoil earthworms) |
| Which earthworms emit a yellow fluid? | Green Endogeic earthworms |
| What are the most common earthworms to be found in arable fields? | Endogeic earthworms are |
| Milky coloured worms with red or black pigmentation towards the head. Large sized, about the size of a pencil. Make deep vertical tunnels. | Anecic (deep burrowing earthworms) |
| Which type of earthworm is most common in grassland? | Anecic earthworms are |
| What group of earthworms are most sensitive to tillage? | The Epigiec group |
| What are the roles of the Epigiec group of earthworms? | Carbon cycling and prey for birds |
| What is the role of the Endogiec group of earthworms? | Soil aggregation and nutrient mobilisation for plants |
| What is the role of the Anecic group? | Deep burrows that improve soil aeration, water infiltration and root development. |
| What is a clear indicator that an earthworm is an adult and not a juvenile? | The 'saddle' or reproductive ring |
| What are some of the legal requirements for a farm building to be leased as a domestic dwelling? | The deposits must be held by the Deposit Protection Service (DPS); An Energy Performance Certificate is required; And, if gas is connected a Safety Certificate is also required by law. |
| In what statement of accounts should the improvement of farm buildings be recorded? | As these increase the value of the building they should be reflected in the the statement of financial position (balance sheet). |
| In what statement of accounts should general repairs and renewals to farm buildings be recorded? | As these are overheads, they should be recorded in the statement of Profit or Loss (Income Statement). |
| When is an Assured Shortholder Tenancy (AST) used? | When letting a domestic property or when housing is provided for a farm worker. |
| At what point should a lease document need to be created for storage agreements? | A Storage Licence Agreement would be required if a trader or business is to make use of the storage facilities. |
| What Act covers the topic of land and tenancy? | The Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 |
| What is the form of uptake of the element C by plants? | CO₂ from atmosphere |
| What is the form of uptake of the element H by plants? | Soil, water and leaf |
| What is the major function of H in a plant? | It is linked with C in all organic compounds |
| What is a symptom of an H deficiency? | Wilting and lack of leaf turgor |
| What is the form of uptake of the element O by plants? | 1. CO₂ and H₂O. 2. O₂ during root respiration |
| What is the major function of O in plants? | Essential with C in carboxylic groups and with H in oxidation |
| What is the form of uptake of the element N by plants? | Nitrates NO₃⁻ and Ammonium NH₄⁺ |
| What is the major function of N in plants? | It is the essential constitute of cell compounds eg. proteins and chlorophyll |
| What are the symptoms of a N deficiency? | 1. Older leaves become senile prematurely (yellow/brown colour) 2. Spindly plants lacking vigour are dwarfed 3. Pale coloured and tillerless |