PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB (1ST SEMESTER)
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PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB (1ST SEMESTER) - Leaderboard
PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB (1ST SEMESTER) - Details
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| Acids on the skin | Wash the affected area immediately with plenty of water, then with saturated SODIUM BICARBONATE SOLUTION and again with water |
| A. Safety Rules: Protecting yourself in the Laboratory | 1. The laboratory is a place for serious work. DO NOT ATTEMPT ANY UNAUTHORIZED EXPERIMENTATION. 2. Report all injuries- no matter how minor- to your instructor immediately. 3. Beware of hot glass. Glass cools very slowly and may be very hot without appearing so. Immediately hold the injured area under cold water or cover it with ice. 4. Do not point the test tube at the student before you or yourself when heating substances. Bubbles of vapor that form suddenly may expel the contents violently. 5. When diluting sulfuric acid, pour the acid slowly and carefully into the water, stirring constantly. NEVER ADD WATER TO ACIDS. Remember the AA rule: Add acid to water. |
| Burns by dry heat | Apply BUTESIN PICRATE ointment or any burn ointment available in the first-aid kit in the laboratory |
| Alkali on the skin | Wash the affected area immediately with plenty of water, then with 1% ACETIC ACID solution and again with water. |
| Bromine on the skin | Wash the affected part immediately with plenty of LIGHT PETROLEUM (B.P. 80˚ C) and then rub GLYCERIN well onto the skin. After a short while, remove the glycerin and apply BUTESIN PICRATE ointment or any burn ointment in the first-aid kit. |
| Sodium on the skin | If a small fragment of sodium metal can still be seen, remove it carefully with a forceps. Wash thoroughly with water; followed with 1% ACETIC ACID solution. Cover the area with GAUZE COVERED IN OLIVE OIL or ACRIFLAVINE JELLY or VASELINE. |
| Organic substances on the skin. | Wash freely with RUBBING ALCOHOL, then with SOAP and WATER. |
| Cuts | If the cut is minor, allow it to bleed for a few seconds. If the cut is caused by a glass, see to it that no glass pieces remain. Apply a DISINFECTANT and BANDAGE. For serious cuts, check bleeding by applying pressure above it (a tourniquet) . Send for a doctor at once. |
| Eye Accidents: Acid in the eyes | Wash the eye/s repeatedly with 1% SODIUM BICARBONATE solution. If the acid is concentrated, wash the eye/s with large amount of water and then with BICARBONATE solution. |
| Eye Accidents: Caustic Alkali in the eyes | Wash the eye/s with large amount of water and then with 1% BORIC ACID solution. |
| Eye Accidents: Bromine water in the eyes | Wash thoroughly with 1% SODIUM BICARBONATE solution. |
| Fires | When clothes catch fire, prevent the person from running. Let him/her roll on the floor or wrap another piece of clothing around him (a laboratory gown or blanket) to cut off the supply of oxygen. When chemicals in beakers and other containers burn, cover the mouth of the vessel with a clean damp cloth so that the flame will be put off. For larger flames, sand may be employed. It is advisable to make use of a fire extinguisher. DO NOT USE WATER. |
| Poisons: Acid | If an acid is swallowed, dilute by drinking plenty of water followed by LIMEWATER or MILK OF MAGNESIA. MILK may also be given. DO NOT GIVE ANY EMETIC. |
| Poisons: Caustic Alkali | Dilute by drinking plenty of water, followed by VINEGAR, LEMON or ORANGE JUICE. MILK may also be given. DO NOT GIVE ANY EMETIC. |
| Poisons: Salts of Heavy Metals | If a salt of heavy metal is swallowed, one may give MILK or RAW EGG WHITE. |
| Poisons: Arsenic or Mercury Compounds | Give an emetic immediately such as one tablespoonful of SALT or ZINC SULFATE in a glass of warm water. |
| Hydrogen peroxide reaction with Barium Hydroxide | H2O2 + Ba(OH)2 → BaO2 + 2H2O precipitate - Barium Peroxide (BaO2) |
| Hydrogen peroxide reaction with Potassium Dichromate and Sulfuric Acid | K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 + 3H2O2 → Cr2(SO4)3 + 3O2 + K2SO4 + 7H2O Produces Deep blue color - chromium (III) ions Chromium (III) Sulfate - Precipitate |
| Stabilizers: | • Colloidal stannate • Sodium pyrophosphate • Organophosphonates • Nitrate (for pH adjustment and corrosion inhibition) • Phosphoric acid (for pH adjustment) • Colloidal silicate (to minimize H2O2 decomposition in certain applications) |
| Why is adding stabilizers important in hydrogen peroxide? | Minimize its decomposition under normal storage and handling conditions. |
| Uses of Hydrogen Peroxide | 1 Hair bleaching 2 Antiseptic 3 Mild disinfectant |
| Potassium Acetate Physical Appearance | Faint Acetic Smell White color Crystalline powder |
| Potassium Acetate reaction with Acetic Acid | CH3COOH(aq) ←→ CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq) No reaction, buffer solution is formed |
| Potassium Acetate reaction with Sulfuric Acid and Ethyl Alcohol | CH3COOK + H2SO4 →CH3COOH + KHSO4 (first reaction) forms acetic acid CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O (second reaction) acetic acid reacts with ethyl alcohol yielding ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate - fruity odor |
| Potassium Acetate reaction with Ferric Chloride T.S. | FeCl3 + 3CH3COOK → (CH3COO)3Fe + 3KCl forms Iron (III) acetate and Potassium chloride |
| Uses of potassium acetate | 1 Supplement 2 Preservative and acidity regulator 3 Electrolyte replenisher |
| What odor does ethyl acetate give | Fruity odor |
| Ammonium Bromide Physical Appearance | Color: white Odor: odorless Taste: saline taste Physical state: solid Appearance: crystallized |
| Ammonium Bromide reaction with Sodium Hydroxide | NH4Br + NaOH → NaBr + NH3 + H2O Produces sodium bromide, ammonia and water Ammonia-like odor |
| Ammonium Bromide reaction with Silver Nitrate | NH4Br + AgNO3 → AgBr + NH4NO3 Produces silver bromide and ammonium nitrate Silver bromide - Precipitate Orange-brown coloration (Br) - Color |
| Ammonium Bromide reaction with Chlorine | NH4Br + Cl → NH4Cl + Br produces ammonium chloride and bromine orange-brown color solution |
| Uses of Ammonium Bromide | 1 Sedative 2 Anticonvulsants 3 Photography in films (not therapeutic) |
| Other terms for Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃) | 1 Chalk 2 calcite (google) |
| Calcium Carbonate Physical Appearance | White color Odorless powder / Colorless crystals Bitter taste Powder |
| Calcium Carbonate reaction with Acetic Acid | 2CH3COOH + CaCO3 → H2CO3 + Ca(CH3COO)2 (first reaction) Produces Calcium acetate H2CO3 → H2O + CO2 (second reaction) Breaking down of Carbonic Acid to form Water and Carbon Dioxide |
| Calcium Carbonate reaction with Ammonium Oxalate | CaCO3 + (NH4)2C2O4 → (NH4)2CO3 + CaC2O4 Produces white precipitate - Oxalate Calcium Oxalate (CaC2O4) - Precipitate |
| Flame Test | Brick Red - color produced by Calcium Intense Yellow - Sodium Carmine Red - Lithium Crimson Red - Strontium |
| Uses of Calcium Carbonate (pharmaceutical) | 1 Antacid 2 Dietary Calcium Supplement 3 Phosphate binder 4 Base material for tablets |
| Different forms of Calcium Carbonate | 1 Calcite 2 Aragonite 3 Vaterite |
| Magnesium Hydroxide reaction with Sodium Phosphate | Mg(OH2) + Na3PO4 → Mg3(PO4) + NaOH Magnesium Phosphate - Precipitate Sodium Hydroxide - Liquid |
| Magnesium hydroxide reaction with Ammonium Carbonate | (NH4)2CO3 + Mg(OH)2 → MgCO3 + 2NH3 + 2H2O Magnesium Carbonate - Precipitate Ammonium - Gas |
| (FIRST) Magnesium Hydroxide reaction with Red Litmus Paper | Results in Blue Color of the paper |
| Magnesium Hydroxide in liquid form | Milk of Magnesia / Magnesia Magma |
| Magnesium Hydroxide Physical Appearance | Color: White Physical state: odorless white solid Appearance: White solid |
| A strong electrolyte | Magnesium Hydroxide |
| Common names of Copper Sulfate | 1 Blue Vitriol 2 Blue Stone |
| Copper Sulfate Physical Appearance | Blue Odorless Metallic Solid Crystallized |
| Copper Sulfate reaction with Potassium Ferrocyanide | 2Cu2+(aq)+[Fe(CN)6]4−(aq)↽⇀Cu2[Fe(CN)6](s) Produces 2 moles of Potassium Sulfate Brownish-red(copper ions) - Color of Precipitate Copper (II) Ferrocyanide - Precipitate |
| Copper Sulfate reaction with Ammonia T.S. | CuSo4 + 5NH3 ↽⇀ [Cu(NH3)5]SO4 forms copper hydroxide precipitate (Cu(OH)2) Deep blue - Color of the solution |
| Copper Sulfate reaction with Barium Chloride T.S. | CuSO4 + BaCl2 ↽⇀ BaSO4 + CuCl2 Barium Sulfate - Precipitate White - Color of Precipitate |
| Copper Sulfate reaction with Lead Acetate | Pb(CH3COO)2 + CuSO4 → PbSO4 + Cu(CH3COO)2 Produces copper acetate and lead sulfate Lead sulfate - Precipitate White - Color of Precipitate |
| Uses of Copper Sulfate | 1 Germicide 2 Fungicide 3 Treatment of Swimming pools |
| Ahydrous form | White solid / greyish |
| Uses of Iodoform | 1 Antiseptic 2 Disinfectant |
| Iodoform reaction with Ethanol and Potassium Carbonate | 2C2H5OH+8I2+K2CO3+H20 → 2CHI3+2HCO2K+CO2+10HI Iodoform - Precipitate Pale white / pale yellow - Color of Iodoform |
| Color of Iodine solid | Brownish purple / Dark brown |
| Color when mixed | Brown or Yellow |
| Effervescent Preparations | Carbonate or Bicarbonate Organic Acids – Tartaric Acid, Citric Acid, Malic Acid, Ascorbic Acid |
| Carbonate or Bicarbonate Organic Acids – Tartaric Acid, Citric Acid, Malic Acid, Ascorbic Acid | Effervescent Preparations |
| Also known as the Noble Gases | Group 0 elements Group VIII (8) in the periodic table |
| Second lightest air | Helium (He) |
| What is Helium used for and its container? | Used to prepare synthetic airs ( 20% O2 + 80% He) a. Carrier / diluent of medicinally important gases b. component of artificial gas Container: Brown |
| Toxicity of Helium | Donald Duck like sound if inhaled |
| For advertising purposes | Neon (Ne) |
| Most abundant noble gas | Argon (Ar) |
| Investigated for possible anesthetics | Krypton (Kr) and Xenon (Xe) |
| Synthetic Noble Gas | Radon (Rn) aka: niton |
| What is the use of Radon (Rn) ? | Used for treatment of Cervical Cancer |
| What are the use of Hydrogen (H2)? | Inflating balloons |
| Isotopes of Hydrogen | Protium - Most abundant Deuterium - heavy hydrogen D2O - heavy water Tritium - radioactive powerful reducing agent pale blue flame |
| Earth Lightest metal | Lithium (Li) Bridge element of Mg |
| What is the use of Lithium (Non pcol) ? | Heat exchanger in air conditioners |
| What is the use of Lithium (Pcol) ? | Depressant and Diuretic |
| What are the compounds of Lithium? | 1 Lithium Bromide (LiBr) - Depressant sedative 2 Lithium Carbonate (Li2CO3) BN: 3 Lithase - Drug of choice for mania Side Effects: Ebstein anomaly (Congenital cardiac abnormalities) Flame Test - Carmine Red |
| Most abundant extracellular cation | Sodium (Na) Responsible for fluid retention "Natrium" - nature |
| Color of Sodium(Na) in flame test | Persistent golden yellow |
| Effervescent Preparations | Carbonate or Bicarbonate Organic Acids – Tartaric Acid, Citric Acid, Malic Acid, Ascorbic Acid |
| Ringer’s Solution | 1 NaCl (Sodium chloride) 2 KCl (Potassium chlorid) 3 CaCl2 (Calciu chloride) |
| Bases/Alkaline causes | Liquefactive Necrosis (Lipids) |
| Acids causes | Coagulative Necrosis (Proteins) |
| Antidotes | Base – vinegar, fruit juices Acid – antacid For both: Dilution with water or milk Sulfuric Acid – Contraindicated with dilution of water (Exothermic reaction) |
| Antidote bases | Vinegar, fruit juices |
| Antidote acid | Antacid |
| Acid and bases is ingested | Dilute with water or milk |
| Most abundant intracellular cation | Potassium (K) |
| Potassium (K) aka | Kalium |
| What are the uses of Potassium (K)? | For muscular contraction Diuretics |
| Potassium (K) deficiency | Hypokalemia |
| “Cream of Tartar or Creamor” | Potassium bitartrate (KHC4H4O6) |
| Ingredient of toothpaste, mouthwashes, gargles | Potassium Chlorate (KClO3) |
| “Potash, Salt of Peter, Perlash, Salt of Tartar” | Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3) |