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In this type of testing, the use of automated tool or any script is prohibited. What will happen here is that the tester takes over the role of an end-user and tests the software to identify any unexpected behavior or bug.

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Manual Testing

Crosby: "If I deliver all that is specified in the requirements document, then I will have delivered quality software." Juran: "one must satisfy the client’s needs, wants, and expectations that are not necessarily described in the requirements documentation."

Software Quality

________ is recognized differently depending on each perspective, including that of the clients, maintainers, and users. Sometimes, it is necessary to differentiate between the client, who is responsible for acquiring the software, and the users, who will ultimately use it.

Software quality

A set of activities that define and assess the adequacy of software processes to provide evidence that establishes confidence that the software processes are appropriate for and produce software products of suitable quality for their intended purposes.

Software Quality Assurance

Prototyping affords both the engineer and the user a chance to “test drive” software to ensure that it is, in fact, what the user needs.

Software Quality Assurance through Prototyping

________ is the process of developing a trial version of a system (a prototype) or its components or characteristics in order to clarify the requirements of the system or to reveal critical design considerations.

Prototyping

Advantages of Prototype Model

-Users are actively involved in the development -the users get a better understanding of the system being developed. -Errors can be detected much earlier. -Quicker user feedback is available leading to better solutions -Missing functionality can be identified easily. -Confusing or difficult functions can be identified. -Requirements validation, Quick implementation of, incomplete, but functional application.

Disadvantages of Prototype model

-Leads to implementing and then repairing way of building systems. -May increase the complexity of the system as scope of the system may expand beyond original plans. -Incomplete application may cause application not to be used as the full system was designed. -Incomplete or inadequate problem analysis.

When to use Prototype model

-When the desired system needs to have a lot of interaction with the end users -Online systems, web interfaces have a very high amount of interaction with end users -Prototyping ensures that the end users constantly work with the system and provide a feedback which is incorporated in the prototype to result in a useable system.

_________ is a systems development method in which a prototype is built, tested and then reworked as necessary until an acceptable outcome is achieved from which the complete system or product can be developed.

Prototyping Model

A prototyping model starts with requirement analysis. In this phase, the requirements of the system are defined in detail. During the process, the users of the system are interviewed to know what is their expectation from the system.

Step 1. Requirements Gathering and Analysis

This model works best in scenarios where not all of the project requirements are known in detail ahead of time. It is an iterative, trial-and-error process that takes place between the developers and the users.

Prototyping Model

The second phase is a preliminary design or a quick design. In this stage, a simple design of the system is created. However, it is not a complete design. It gives a brief idea of the system to the user. The quick design helps in developing the prototype.

Step 2: Quick Design

In this phase, an actual prototype is designed based on the information gathered from quick design. It is a small working model of the required system.

Step 3: Build a Prototype

In this stage, the proposed system is presented to the client for an initial evaluation. It helps to find out the strength and weakness of the working model. Comment and suggestion are collected from the customer and provided to the developer.

Step 4: Initial User Evaluation

If the user is not happy with the current prototype, you need to refine the prototype according to the user's feedback and suggestions. This phase will not over until all the requirements specified by the user are met. Once the user is satisfied with the developed prototype, a final system is developed based on the approved final prototype.

Step 5: Refining prototype

Once the final system is developed based on the final prototype, it is thoroughly tested and deployed to production. The system undergoes routine maintenance for minimizing downtime and prevent large-scale failures.

Step 6: Implement Product and Maintain

This method involves exploring ideas by quickly developing a prototype based on preliminary requirements that is then revised through customer feedback. The name ___________ refers to the fact that each prototype is completely discarded and may not be a part of the final product.

Rapid throwaway

This approach uses a continuous, working prototype that is refined after each iteration of customer feedback. Because each prototype is not started from scratch, this method saves time and effort

Evolutionary

This technique breaks the concept for the final product into smaller pieces, and prototypes are created for each one. In the end, these prototypes are merged into the final product.

Incremental

This prototype model is used specifically for web development. All web prototypes are built in an HTML format with a services layer and are then integrated into the final product.

Extreme

Advantages of the Prototyping Model

-Users are actively involved in development. Therefore, errors can be detected in the initial stage of the software development process. -Missing functionality can be identified, which helps to reduce the risk of failure as Prototyping is also considered as a risk reduction activity. -Helps team member to communicate effectively -Customer satisfaction exists because the customer can feel the product at a very early stage.

Disadvantages of the Prototyping Model

-Prototyping is a slow and time taking process -The cost of developing a prototype is a total waste as the prototype is ultimately thrown away. -Prototyping may encourage excessive change requests. -Sometimes customers may not be willing to participate in the iteration cycle for the longer time duration -There may be far too many variations in software requirements when each time the prototype is evaluated by the customer.

In software engineering, the term _________ is to review any work done by trained people, they inspect the software to find out the positive and negative aspects of a program.

Software Review

It is a complete process that results in carefully examining a software product in a meeting or at any event.

Software Review

_________ is an important part of SDLC that assists software engineers in validating the quality, functionality, and other vital features and components of the software.

Software review

Objectives of Software Review

1. To improve the productivity of the development team. 2. To make the testing process time and cost effective. 3. To make the final software with fewer defects. 4. To eliminate the inadequacies.

Process of Software Review

Entry Evaluation | Management Preparation | Review Planning | Preparation | Examination and Exit Evaluation

Types of Software Reviews

1. Software Peer Review 2. Software Management Review 3. Software Audit Review

Is the process of assessing the technical content and quality of the product and it is usually conducted by the author of the work product along with some other developers.

Software Peer Review

Is performed in order to examine or resolve the defects in the software, whose quality is also checked by other members of the team.

Software Peer Review

Types of Software Peer Review

1. Code Review 2. Pair Programming 3. Walkthrough 4. Technical Review 5. Inspection

Computer source code is examined in a systematic way.

Code Review

It is a code review where two developers develop code together at the same platform.

Pair Programming

Members of the development team is guided by author and other interested parties and the participants ask questions and make comments about defects.

Walkthrough

A team of highly qualified individuals examines the software product for its client’s use and identifies technical defects from specifications and standards.

Technical Review

In inspection the reviewers follow a well-defined process to find defects.

Inspection

Evaluates the work status. In this section decisions regarding downstream activities are taken.

Software Management Review

Is a type of external review in which one or more critics, who are not a part of the development team, organize an independent inspection of the software product and its processes to assess their compliance with stated specifications and standards. This is done by managerial level people.

Software Audit Review

Advantages of Software Review

• Defects can be identified earlier stage of development (especially in formal review). • Earlier inspection also reduces the maintenance cost of software. • It can be used to train technical authors. • It can be used to remove process inadequacies that encourage defects.

Was developed by IBM in the early 1970s, when it was noticed that the testing was not enough sufficient to attain high quality software for large applications.

Software Inspection

Is used to determine the defects in the code and remove it efficiently. This prevents defects and enhances the quality of testing to remove defects. This software inspection method achieved the highest level for efficiently removing defects and improving software quality.

Inspection

Was developed in the mid-1970s, later extended and revised. The process must have an entry criterion that determines whether the inspection process is ready to begin. this prevents incomplete products from entering the inspection process. Entry criteria can be interstitial with items such as “The Spell-Document Check”.

Software Inspection Process

Stages in Software Inspection Process

1. Planning 2. Overview Meeting 3. Preparation 4. Inspection Meeting 5. Rework 6. Follow Up

The moderator plans the inspection.

Planning

The background of the work product is described by the author.

Overview Meeting

The examination of the work product is done by inspector to identify the possible defects.

Preparation

The reader reads the work product part by part during this meeting and the inspectors the faults of each part.

Inspection Meeting

After the inspection meeting, the writer changes the work product according to the work plans.

Rework

The changes done by the author are checked to make sure that everything is correct.

Follow Up

Are two separate bugs that interact: you trip going downstairs, and when you reach for the handrail it comes off in your hand. - Paul Graham (2001)

Compound bugs

Our objective with Inspections is to reduce the Cost of Quality by finding and removing defects earlier and at a lower cost. While some testing will always be necessary, we can reduce the costs of test by reducing the volume of defects propagated to test. - Ron Radice (2002)

Code Reviews and Inspection

Software Quality from User's Perspective

• Correctness • Usability • Reliability • Security • Adaptability

The software has to work, period.

Correctness

It has to be easy to learn and easy to use.

Usability

It has to stay up and be available when you need it.

Reliability

The software has to prevent unauthorized access and protect your data.

Security

It should be easy to add new features.

Adaptability

Software Quality from Developer's Perspective

• Maintainability • Portability • Readability • Understandability • Testability

It has to be easy to make changes to the software

Maintainability

It has to be easy to move the software to a different platform.

Portability

Many developers won’t admit this, but you do need to be able to read the code.

Readability

The code needs to be designed in such a way that a new developer can understand how it all hangs together.

Understandability

Well, at least the testers think your code should be easy to test. Code that’s created in a modular fashion, with short functions that do only one thing, is much easier to understand and test than code that is all just one big main() function

Testability

Software Quality Assurance (SQA) has three legs to it:

• Testing • Debugging • Reviews

Finding the errors that surface while your program is executing, also known as dynamic analysis.

Testing

Getting all the obvious errors out of your code—the ones that are found by testing it.

Debugging

Finding the errors that are inherently in your code as it sits there, also known as static analysis.

Reviews

Testing alone is not effective, it will only find errors about 50% or so in the program. Adding some type of code review in testing regimen, to find errors in code, can bring the percentage up to 93-99%. Three types of reviews are typically done: ________, _________, ________.

Walkthroughs, Reviews, and Inspections

________ also known as desk checks or code reads, are the least formal type of a review. _________ are normally used to confirm small changes to code, say a line or two, that you’ve just made to fix an error.

Walkthroughs

This is somewhat more formal than a walkthrough._______ are what most software developers do.

Code Review

You should always do a _______ if you’ve changed a substantial amount of code, or if you’ve added more than just a few lines of new code to an existing program.

Code review

Attendees of code reivew

• The moderator of the code review is usually the author. • There should be one or more developers at the meeting, someone who’s working on the same project as the author • There should be a tester at the code review. • Finally, there should be an experienced developer present who’s not on the same project as the author.

________ are real meetings.

Code reviews

________ are not allowed at code reviews.

Managers

_________ are the most formal type of review meeting

Code inspections

________ can be used to review planning documents, requirements, designs, or code, in short, any work product that a development team produces.

Inspections

________ are typically used by larger organizations because they take more training, time, and effort than walkthroughs or code reviews. They’re also used for mission- and safety-critical software where defects can cause harm to users.

Inspections

Code inspections criteria

• Inspections use checklists of common error types to focus the inspectors. • The focus of the inspection meeting is solely on finding errors; no solutions are permitted • Reviewers are required to prepare beforehand; the inspection meeting will be canceled if everyone isn’t ready. • Each participant in the inspection has a distinct role. • All participants have had inspection training

Inspection Roles

• Moderator • Author • Reader • Reviewers • Recorder • Managers

Gets all the materials from the author, decides who the other participants in the inspection should be, and is responsible for sending out all the inspection materials and scheduling and coordinating the meeting.

Moderator

Distributes the inspection materials to the moderator. If an Overview meeting is required, the author chairs it and explains the overall design to the reviewers.

Author

_____ is supposed to paraphrase the code, not read it. Paraphrasing implies that the _____ has a good understanding of the project, its design, and the code in question.

Reader

Can be anyone with an interest in the code who is not the author. Normally, ________ are other developers from the same project.

Reviewers

Is one of the reviewers and is the one who takes notes at the inspection meeting. The _______ merges the defect lists of the reviewers and classifies and records errors found during the meeting.

Recorder