"We shall fight against the Germans as if the anti-Zionist White Paper of 1939 did not exist, and fight against the White Paper as if the war with Germany did not exist."

What major global event began in 1939, influencing Jewish-British relations?

The outbreak of World War II.

What was the Haganah, and when did it operate?

It was a Jewish paramilitary organization under the Jewish Agency, operating from 1920 to 1948 to defend Jewish communities.

How did the Haganah cooperate with the British?

It collaborated with the British to help maintain order and defend Jewish communities during the British Mandate.

What was Irgun, and how did it differ from the Haganah?

Irgun split from the Haganah in 1931, focused on active defense, and later fought against the British from 1939.

What was the Lehi (Stern Gang), and what were its goals?

T split from Irgun in 1940, sought an alliance with Germany, and aimed to evict the British by force and allow unrestricted Jewish immigration.

How many Arabs were killed by Irgun during its active defense phase from 1936 to 1945?

250 Arabs.

What major global event began in 1939 that influenced Jewish resistance?

The outbreak of World War II.

What policy did the 1939 White Paper establish regarding a Jewish state?

It opposed the idea of a separate Jewish state within Palestine.

How did the Holocaust impact Zionist attitudes?

It hardened their belief in the necessity of a Jewish homeland.

What action did Britain take after 1945 regarding Jewish immigration?

They continued to enforce immigration limits set by the 1939 White Paper.

What decision was made at the August 1945 Zionist conference?

To adopt a policy of active opposition to British rule.

What role did the Haganah take in the Jewish Resistance Movement?

It was ordered to cooperate with Irgun and the Stern Gang.

Why was there Jewish opposition to British policies in 1939?

The White Paper restricted immigration and opposed the creation of a Jewish state.

What was the Jewish Resistance Movement?

A coordinated effort by the Haganah, Irgun, and Stern Gang to resist British rule.

What was the Night of the Trains in November 1945?

A Palmach operation sabotaging British railways and destroying three British guard boats.

What happened during the Night of the Bridges in June 1946?

Palmach destroyed 10 out of 11 strategically significant bridges.

Which group carried out the King David Hotel bombing in July 1946, and what were the casualties?

Irgun bombed the hotel, killing 91 people, including 15 Jews.

What was the significance of the Tel Aviv car park attack in April 1946?

Lehi killed 7 British soldiers in the attack.

What was the effect of the Exodus 1947 incident?

4,500 illegal Jewish immigrants were not allowed to land in Palestine, causing international controversy.

How did violence impact British morale during this period?

It weakened British morale both at home and in Palestine.

Why were the British angry with American Zionists during this time?

They were angered by American Zionist support for Jewish resistance.

What event in July 1947 escalated tensions between the British and Jewish resistance groups?

The hanging of two British soldiers by Jewish resistance fighters.

When did the United Nations vote to partition Palestine?

November 29, 1947.

What was the goal of the Zionists who immigrated to Palestine?

To establish a Jewish national state in their ancient homeland.

What was Aliyah Bet?

The code name for illegal Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine between 1920 and 1948.

Why did Britain limit Jewish immigration to Palestine starting in 1929?

To appease the Palestinian Arabs.

What role did the Holocaust play in Jewish immigration to Palestine?

It prompted many Jews, including Holocaust survivors, to illegally enter Palestine.

Which major power took up the Zionist cause after World War II?

The United States.

When was the State of Israel officially proclaimed, and by whom?

May 14, 1948, by David Ben-Gurion.

Which countries invaded Israel the day after its proclamation?

Egypt, Transjordan (now Jordan), Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq.

What territories did the Israelis seize during the 1948 war?

Galilee, the Palestinian coast, and a strip of territory connecting the coast to western Jerusalem.

What was the outcome of the U.N.-brokered ceasefire in 1949?

Israel retained control of the areas it had conquered.

What demographic change occurred in Israel as a result of the 1948 war?

Hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arabs left, resulting in a Jewish majority.

Why did radical Jewish groups use guerilla tactics against British forces in Palestine?

They believed Britain had betrayed the Zionist cause.

What led to the sharp increase in Jewish immigration to Palestine during the 1930s and 1940s?

Persecution in Europe, especially after the Holocaust.

What did UN Resolution 181 propose in 1947?

The partition of Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states, with Jerusalem under international control.

Why did Britain decide to hand over the Palestine issue to the United Nations?

Britain struggled to manage tensions during its Mandate and could not resolve the conflict between Jews and Arabs.

How did the Cold War influence international support for the creation of Israel?

Both the U.S. and the USSR supported partition, seeing potential political advantages in a Jewish state in the Middle East.

Why did Arabs oppose the UN partition plan?

They feared the loss of land and rights and rejected the idea of dividing Palestine.

What was the significance of the Zionist movement in the division of Palestine?

It advocated for a Jewish homeland, leading to increased immigration and tensions with the local Arab population.

What peace agreement is Menachem Begin best known for, and who were the other key figures involved?

The 1978 Camp David Accords, with Egypt’s President Anwar Sadat and U.S. President Jimmy Carter.

What controversial military action did Begin authorize in 1982, and what was its outcome?

The invasion of Lebanon to oust the Palestine Liberation Organization, which led to civilian casualties and international criticism.

When was the UN General Assembly Resolution 181 (the Partition Plan for Palestine) passed?

November 29, 1947.

How many votes were in favor of the Partition Plan, and how many were against?

33 votes in favor and 13 votes against.

Which countries were among those that voted in favor of the Partition Plan?

The United States, Soviet Union, Australia, Canada, France, and others.

Which countries were among those that voted against the Partition Plan?

Egypt, India, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and others.

How many countries abstained from voting on the Partition Plan?

10 countries abstained.

What was one of the main aims of UN Resolution 181?

To partition British-controlled Palestine into two independent states, one Jewish and one Arab.

What special provision was made for Jerusalem in the Partition Plan?

Jerusalem was to be established as an international zone.

What was the goal of providing each community with sovereignty over designated territories in the Partition Plan?

To reduce tensions between the Jewish and Arab communities.

How did the Partition Plan aim to address the aspirations of both Jewish and Arab communities?

By recognizing and fulfilling their aspirations for self-determination.

What future goals did the Partition Plan aim to achieve?

To serve as a foundation for future peace efforts in the region, focusing on a two-state solution.

By when was Britain required to withdraw from Palestine according to the UN Partition Plan?

By 1 August 1948.

How was the land to be allocated between the Jewish and Arab states in the Partition Plan?

Areas that were mostly Jewish were allocated to the Jewish state, and areas that were mostly Arab were allocated to the Arab state.

What percentage of the land was allocated to the Jewish state despite Jews being a minority in Palestine?

Jews were given 55% of the land, despite being 1/3 of the population and owning less than 10% of the land.

What was the status of Jerusalem according to the UN Partition Plan?

Jerusalem was to be an international city governed by an international force.

What was the Arab response to the UN Partition Plan?

Arab leaders immediately rejected the plan and walked out of the assembly.

Which committee rejected the UN Partition Plan?

The Arab Higher Committee.

Why did Arab leaders reject the UN Partition Plan?

They claimed the plan went against the UN.

Which cities with large Arab majorities were to be part of the Jewish state according to the Partition Plan?

Jaffa and Haifa.

What was the Jewish Agency’s response to the UN Partition Plan?

The Jewish Agency officially accepted the plan.

What did Menachem Begin say about the partition of Palestine?

“The partition of the homeland is illegal. It will never be recognised. It will not bind the Jewish people. Jerusalem was and forever will be our capital. Eretz Israel will be restored to the people of Israel. All of it. And for ever.”

What was the Irgun’s stance on the Partition Plan?

The Irgun called the partition illegal and rejected it.

What significant actions was the Irgun responsible for during its time in Mandatory Palestine?

The Irgun was responsible for the 1946 King David Hotel bombing and the 1948 Deir Yassin massacre.

When did the civil war in Palestine escalate following the UN resolution?

November 1947 – May 1948.

What Jewish militias were involved in the civil war in Palestine?

Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi.

What were some of the atrocities committed by both sides during the civil war?

Bombings, ambushes, retaliatory strikes, and massacres.

What notable incident occurred on December 30, 1947?

Irgun members threw bombs at a crowd in Jerusalem, killing 11 and injuring dozens.