| TYPES OF GLYCOSIDES | 1 Anthracene glycosides
2 Coumarin glycosides
3 Cyanogenic glycosides
4 Alcoholic glycosides
5 Flavonoid glycosides
6 Phenolic glycosides (simple)
7 Saponins
8 Steroidal glycosides or cardiac glycosides
9 Steviol glycosides
10 Thioglycosides
11 Steroidal saponin glycosides |
| 1 Contains anthraquinone derivatives as their aglycone component
2 Possess: __ effect
3 Examples: | 1 Anthracene glycosides (anthraquinone glycosides or anthraglycosides)
2 laxative/cathartic
3 cascara, rhubarb, aloe and senna |
| 1 Is often used for the detection of Anthracene glycosides
2 Biosynthesis of Anthracene glycosides | 1 Borntrager’s test
2 acetate-malonate pathway OR derived from shikimate and mevalonate |
| 1 The aglycone is coumarin
2 Examples of this is __ which is reported to dilate the
coronary arteries as well as block calcium channels.
3 It has long been known that animals fed sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis, Fabaceae) die from __
The poisonous compound responsible for this adverse effect was identified as __.
4 A number of compounds have been synthesized based on the dicoumarol structure, examples is __ which has __ effect | 1 Coumarin gylcosides
2 apterin (Apiaceae)
3 Hemorrhaging, dicoumarol
4 Warfarin, anticoagulant |
| 1 the aglycone contains a cyanide group, and
the glycoside can release the poisonous hydrogen cyanide if acted upon by some enzyme.
2 An example of these is __ | 1 Cyanogenic glycosides
2 amygdalin from almonds. |
| Cyanogenic glycosides can be found in the __ of the __ family (including cherries, apples, plums, almonds, peaches, apricots, raspberries, and crabapples). | fruits (and wilting leaves),
rose |
| Most cyanogenetic glycosides are biosynthetically
derived from the amino acids: | valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine or phenylalanine. |
| 1 It is biosynthetically derived from phenylalanine.
2 It is biosynthetically derived from valine. | 1 Amygdalin in bitter almonds (Prunus amygdalus).
2 Linamarin in linseed (Linum usitatissimum) |
| 1 There are cyanogenic glycosides in __, an important food plant and therefore has to be washed and ground under running water prior to consumption
2 __ expresses cyanogenic glycosides in its roots and thus is resistant to pests such as rootworms that plague the related maize (Zea mays L.). | 1 Cassava
2 Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) |
| 1 It contains free primary alcoholic group.
2 Example:__ | 1 Alcoholic glycosides
2 Salicin found in the genus Salix (willows). |
| Salicin is hydrolyzed by the enzyme __ into __ and __
Oxidation of saligenin gives __ | emulsin
saligenin (Salicyl alcohol) and glucose
salicylic acid |
| Medicinal value of salicin | analgesic, antipyretic,
and antiinflammatory effects. |
| 1 the aglycone is a flavonoid.
2 Examples:
3 Important effects of flavonoids
4 Pharmacologic effects of flavonoids | 1 Flavonoid glycosides
2 Hesperidin, Naringin, Rutin, Quercetin
3 Antioxidant
4 Diuretic, Antispasmodic, Diaphoretic
Increase tensile strength of capillary walls
Free radical scavengers |
| 1 aglycone is a simple phenolic structure.
2 Examples: __ | 1 Phenolic glycosides
2 arbutin (found in bearberry) (has urinary antiseptic effect) |
| 1 A group of plant glycosides
2 Two characteristics | 1 Saponins
2
They foam in aqueous solution.
They cause hemolysis of red blood cells. |
| 1 The aglycones of the saponins are collectively referred to as __
2 The more poisonous saponins are often called __
3 Medicinal effects of saponins
4 Saponins are found in __ | 1 Sapogenins
2 Sapotoxins
3 Expectorant effect
4 liquorice(Glycyrrhiza) & sarsaparilla |
