| This release of energy, breaks down complex molecules | Catabolic Pathway |
| This energy type is related to the relative motion of objects | kinetic energy |
| This process is a release of free energy and the products are said to have less energy than the reactants because of this.. | exergonic reaction |
| This consumes energy in order to build complicated molecules from simple compounds | Anabolic Pathway |
| This energy is typically thought of as stored energy due to location or structure of an object | Potential energy |
| This process absorbs free energy from it's surroundings during a reaction and the reactants are said to have less energy than the products | Endergonic reaction |
| This type of work pumps substances across membranes that cant directly cross over.. | transport work |
| In short, how can you explain that atp can be renewed? | By the addition of a phosphate group to adp, through a catabolic/exergonic reaction (like cellular respiration) provides the energy needed to regenerate atp |
| This is the synthesis of polymers from monomers in a reaction | Chemical work done -- think chemical work is like gluing something together and it gets bigger but it also can't come unstuck |
| Where does transport work take place in the regeneration of atp? | In the addition of a phosphate stage |
| When your muscles contract or when cells move around with their cilia, what example of work is being demonstrated? | mechanical work |
| How does ATP help do work in cells? | By energy coupling-- it does this thing where it uses an exergonic reaction to start an endergonic one - - i suggest watching the short videos in the module |
| What type of inhibitor competes to fit into the activation site and then doesn't allow for the reaction to occur? | competitive inhibitor |
| What can be said that helps speed up a reaction while not getting consumed during the process and are substrate specific? | An enzyme |
| How can an enzyme lower the activation energy for a reaction? | By being an enzyme, it has the potential to bind to a substrate and let the chemical process occur faster and once it's done it releases the product and is ready once again for new substrates (the reactants) |
| If your enzyme is saturated (meaning that there are no more new bonding cites available to the substrate) what happens to the rate of the reaction and how could you fix the saturation problem? | You could fix the saturation problem by adding more enzymes, that will then help produce more reactions in a quicker time period. The rate of the reaction can only go so quick. It can speed up a reaction but it has a cap to it. |
| First off, what does denature mean in relation to enzymes? and how can you prevent that from happening? | In order for the enzyme to work in general, it needs to be in optimal conditions. If an enzyme was to get denatured, you would need to put it back to its optimal pH level or optimal temperature in order for it to start working again. |
| What is it called when an enzyme is inhibited or stimulated because a regulator is attached to a different activation site | Allosteric regulation |
| What is a useful inhibition that prevents a cell from wasting chemical resources? Where an inhibitor will bind to the activation site and refuses to let the production continue.. | Feedback inhibition -- think of it like its the teacher of the enzyme and it's telling it when to stop producing product in order to not waste it |
| What is a type of inhibitor that leaves the activation site kinda deformed and unable to work as efficiently as it should? | Noncompetitive inhibitors -- the inhibitor is not fighting the substrate to get to the activation site, it said im gonna go find somewhere else to park and mess up your day :) |
| In general, what three things need to occur in order for a full response to be received by the other cell, inn terms of their signaling functions? | reception, transduction and response --> explain what happens in each step |
| What is a local regulator and what relationship does it have with paracrine signaling? | A local regulator is a 'local' cell that is near other cells that releases a signal of information to the other cells so that they grow and multiply. (growth is usually #1 in effects) |
| A signal is triggered out of a narrow synapse that releases neurotransmitters into the target cell, what is this process called? | synaptic signaling |
| What do plant and animal cells do to send signals from cell to cell? | hormones |
| What kind of receptors can be found on the cell's plasma membrane that TRANSMIT information from the outside environment to the inside? | transmembrane receptors |
| The g-protein-linked-receptor is found on the membrane but what does it do when a signal molecule binds to the receptor? | when the right signal molecule comes along, it activated the g protein, which in turn can activate enzymes OR if it's a 'GTPase' it will shut the enzyme off or turn it back to its normal inactive state I should say |
| What does a tyrosine-kinase receptor help do? | It sends the signal out to a mass of transduction pathways so that the cells that the pathways are connected to, begin to do what the signal told them to do |
| what allows for the addition of a phosphate onto an ADP molecule to attach quicker? | A kinase enzyme |
| So, theres a hormone-receptor complex that has a very important job, what is it? | once activated they are called transcription factors because oh look, they transcript genes into mRNA by using hormones in plants and animals! |
| By using a tyrosine kinase, a phosphorylation cascade can be produced, explain how? | like a domino effect on surrounding protein kinases and at each step, the signal changes the protein |
| List the two advantages of using the multi-step pathway for the transduction stage | more coordination/regulation between the receptors that receive the signal as well as the signal reaching a multitude of receptors |
| Protein Kinases serve what purpose? | to phophorylate proteins in order to regulate different on goings in cell (function: regulation thru phosphorylation) |
| When a phosphate group is removed from the now activated protein in order to stop production is called what? | protein PHOSPHATASES -are in charge of- Dephosphorylation |
| After the signal is received at the membrane G-receptor, the signal is sent to the G protein that has GTP. That GTP enables the signal to be transmitted to the ENZYME that is going to transmit that signal to who? | A secondary messenger! COMMON secondary messengers: cyclic AMP (cAMP) and Ca^2+ |
| What are the secondary messengers that are involved in a signal transduction pathway in an animal cell? | diacylglycerol (DAG) & inositol trisphosphate (IP_3) -- these usually open channels in the ER to export Ca^2+ out |
| A signal transduction pathway ultimately leads to the regulation of a lot of inside & outside the cell but by turning off genes in the nucleus, helps what be regulated? (This is a similar question to one earier) | regulation of protein synthesis |
| Once the signal reaches the nucleus, the transcription factor attaches to the DNA and begins the transcription to form what new molecule? | mRNA |
| Why do different kinds of cells receive the same signal but respond in different way | They have the same dna but each cell express different collection of proteins -- so in turn they respond |
| How is the signal made more efficient? | Through the use of scaffolding proteins and signaling complexes |
| How does Apoptosis work? | The cells that have a destiny to die basically eat themselves up and leave the proteins that they had inside for the other cells but in an inactive form |
| What are usually the main proteases of apoptosis? | Caspases |
