According to Piaget's theory, describe the formal operational stage (11- adulthood)

Formal operational thinkers can think ABSTRACTLY, SYSTEMATICALLY and HYPOTHETICALLY. They would know that "make hay while the sun shines" would mean something abstract. They can find meaning in the study of abstract topics like algebra in maths, or allegory in literature. Thinking systematically, formal thinkers recognise the need to control variables in forming conclusions. They can also think in about hypothetical scenarios such as imagined conversations in plays and drama. However, when students can't think abstractly, systematically, or hypothetically, they revert to memorising what they can, or, in frustration, give up completely.