Hsc70 co-chaperones can pass partially-folded substrates to other chaperones and chaperonins for further folding or multimeric assembly.

Hsp90 can provide a platform for further protein folding and also assembly of multimeric complexes. Chaperonins provide a cage that isolates small (<70 kDa) folding proteins (e.g.tubulin, actin) from the cytosol. Residence time ~10s.