What are the disadvantages of the different physical transfection techniques?

The use of high voltage in electroporation can lead to necrosis, apoptosis and permanent cell damage. both sonoporation and laser irradiation transfection carry the risk of damaging the cell membrane and leading to irreversible cell death. compared to these techniques, magnetofection is less destructive to the cell, however, this technique is less efficient. gene microinjection can prevent cell damage very precisely, but this requires trained personnel or robotic systems.