What are clinical manifestations of HF?

Fatigue, dyspnea (due to reduction of pulmonary compliance, increased resistance, muscle fatigue, anemia, pulmonary congestion with fluid accumulation, less frequent for RV failure and tricuspid regurg) Orthopnea (nocturnal cough, sleeping with many pillows, due to redistribution of fluid from lower limbs to central circulation increasing capillary pulmonary pressure) Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (episodes of SoB at night awaken pt, maybe cough or wheeze) Cardiac asthma (closely related to PND, secondary to bronchospasm) Cheyen-Stokes respiration Acute pulmonary edema GI symptoms