PCOG LAB FINALS
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102 questions
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| Differentiate 1 Fixed oils and fats 2 Waxes | 1 in fixed oils and fats, glycerol combines with the fatty acids 2 in waxes, the alcohol has a higher molecular weight |
| 1 Fats and fixed oils are obtained from __ 2 Fats and fixed oils primary function | 1 plants (olive oil, peantut oil) animals (lard) 2 food (energy) storage |
| 1 fixed oils and fats are often separated from the crude vegetable drugs by __ 2 fixed oils and fats are often separated from the crude animal drugs by __ 3 Fixed oils and fats differ only in | 1 Expression method 2 Rendering or Extraction method 3 melting points |
| 1 they are liquid at normal temperatures 2 they are semisolid or solid at ordinary temperatures | 1 fatty and fixed oils 2 fats |
| 1 a solid vegetable oil in the temperature climates and a liquid in its tropical region of origin 2 a liquid animal fat | 1 coconut oil 2 cod liver oil |
| The number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the fatty acids in 1 g of the substance indicates the amount of free fatty acids present in the oil | Acid value or acid number |
| Indicates the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free fatty acids and saponify the esters contained in 1 g of the substance | Saponification value |
| List of fixed oils obtained from seeds | Cottonseed, linseed, sesame seed, rapeseed, coconut, castor beans, almond |
| Chemically, the fixed oils and fats are composed predominately of __ | Triacylglycerols / triglycerides |
| Lipids are classified as __ | 1 neutral lipids (fats and waxes) 2 Phospholipids (phophates and shingolipids) 3 lipoproteins (lipid material in mammalian plasma) 4 glycolipids (carbohydrate- glyceride derivatives which do not contain phosphate) |
| From what parts of the plant are olive oil and corn oil obtained | Olive oil: flesh of fresh olives Corn oil: germ (embryo) of the kernel |
| 1 What is poppyseed oil? 2 In what official drug it is used? | 1 Poppyseed oil is an edible oil obtained from poppy seeds. Highly palatable, rich in vitamin E. 2 Morphine, Codeine, Heroin, Oxycodone |
| To what group of plants does Lycopodium belong | Genus clubmosses Family Lycopodiaceae |
| What fatty acids are present in the fixed oil found in Lycopodium | 1 Linoleic acid 2 Oleic acid 3 Palmitic acid |
| What was the former title of Cocoa Butter USP? | Theobroma Oil |
| 1 What is meant by polymorphic? 2 Name and compare the polymorphic forms of Cocoa Butter. | 1 Ability to display different structures of a substance. 2 γ (16-18 °C) α (21-24 °C) β1 (27-29 °C) β (34-35 °C) β2 (36-37 °C) |
| What is benzoinated lard? compare with lard | 1 Benzoinated lard contains 1% benzoin, used as lubricant, soap, illuminant, oiling wool. 2 Lard refers to product obtained and rendered from animal fat, particularly pork meat. |
| What are the uses of Lanolin and Anhydrous Lanolin? | Anhydrous lanolin: Moisturizer, treat or prevent dry, rough, scaly, or itchy skin. Lanolin: Treat or prevent minor skin irritations such as blisters, burns, dry skin, and diaper rash |
| What are the constituents of Spermaceti? Why does the USP monograph include a test to detect the presence of stearic acid? | 1 Cetyl palmitate with smaller quantities of cetyl myristate, cetyl laurate, and cetyl stearate. 50-63% wax alcohols 2 TO determine if it caused adulteration to the product |
| Describe White Wax NF / Yellow Wax USP | Yellowish-white solid Translucent in thin layers Faint characteristic odor Free from rancidity Used as Stiffening agent, Thickener, Emulsifier |
| White wax / Yellow wax is obtained from | Honeycomb of Bees |
| White Wax / Yellow wax uses | Stiffening agent, Thickener, Emulsifier |
| Coconut oil (SN, USES) | Cocos nucifera, Arecaceae Treat eczema, treat psoriasis, obesity, anti cancer |
| Palm oil (SN, USES) | Arecaceae Anti malarial, heart disease, anti cancer, treat vitamin A deficiency |
| Sesame oil (SN, USES) | Sesamum indicum, Pedaliaceae Anti inflammatory, Regulate blood sugar, stress and depression relief |
| Mustard oil (SN, USES) | Brassica juncea, Cruciferae Stimulant, reduce cold and cough, cardioprotective, Relief from joint pain and arthritis |
| Coconut oil active constituents | Salicylic acid syringic acid caffeic acid catechin |
| Fixed oils are also obtained from fruit 1 __ and in some instances such as the palm, __ | 1 pericarps 2 Elaeis guineensis (Palmae). |
| In the initial treatment before extraction, 1 American cotton seed require __ 2 castor seeds and ground nuts require __ | 1 delinting 2 decorticating |
| Forms a valuable cattle feed | Remaining cake |
| Removal of the oils may take the form of __ | Cold or hot expressions, centrifuging or solvent extraction depending on the commodity |
| 1 usually require nothing further than filtration 2 requires steaming to inactivate lipase | 1 Cold-drawn oils 2 castor oil |
| 1 Peanut oil is also known as __ 2 Peanut oil is obtained from the seeds of __ | 1 Arachis oil 2 Arachis hypogaea (Legumunosae) (earth-nut, ground-nut, peanut) by soxhlet extraction or expression |
| Arachis or peanut oil consists of | 1 oleic, 2 linoleic, 3 palmitic, 4 arachidic, 5 stearic, 6 lignoceric and other acids |
| 1 Peanut oil refractive index 2 Peanut oil specific gravity 3 Peanut oil appearance | 1) 1.462 - 1.464 2) 0.912 - 0.920 3) Pale yellow liquid, Faint characteristic odor, Bland taste |
| What are the differences between the fixed oils and volatile oils? | Volatile oils vaporize easily at room temperature volatile oils are aromatic Fixed oils does not vaporize easily at room temperature fixed oils are rancid |
| Chemical Tests for fixed oils list | 1 Iodine no. 2 Saponification no. 3 Reichert-Meissl (RM) number 4 Acid no. |
| It is defined as the number of ml 0.1 N KOH required to completely neutralize the soluble volatile fatty acids distilled from 5 g fat. | Reichert-Meissl (RM) number |
| What is the chemical composition of fixed oils and fats? | Glycerides and fatty acids |
| What causes the rancidity of the fixed oils? | Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids accelerated when exposed to light, heat and air |
| Name the pharmaceutical uses of peanut oil. | Lower cholesterol Prevent Heart Disease Aid in weight loss Prevent cancer |
| Odorous principle found in various plant parts evaporate when exposed to the air at ordinary temperatures | Volatile oils |
| Volatile oil may occur in specialized secretory structures such as __ | 1 glandular hairs (Lamiaceae) 2 modified parenchymal cells (Piperaceae) 3 oil-tubes called vittae (Apiaceae) 4 lysigenous or schizogenous passages (Pinaceae, Rutaceae) |
| 1 In conifers, volatile oils may occur in 2 In rose, volatile oils appear in appreciable amount only in __ 3 in mints, volatile oils occur only in the __ 4 in the orange, one kind of oil occurs only in __ | 1 all tissues 2 petals 3 glandular hairs of the stems and leaves 4 flower petals and rind |
| Chemical constituents of volatile oil and spices may be divided into two broad classes: | 1) terpenoid derivatives formed via acetate-mevalonic acid pathway 2) aromatic compounds formed via the shikimic acid-phenylpropanoid. |
| 1 Volatile oils are usually obtained by 2 Some volatile oil cannot be distilled without decomposition and are usually obtained by __ | 1 Steam distillation 2 expression ex. lemon oil, orange oil |
| The chief advantage of extraction over distillation __ | Uniform temperature (usually 50˚C) can be maintained during most of the process |
| What is the chief source of citral? | 1 Lemongrass oil (75% to 80%) 2 Citrus spp. |
| Describe the process utilized in the recovery of Lemon oil. What other oils may be obtained by theses processes? | Lemon oil can be obtained by expression process. Other oils obtained from this process is Citrus oils and Orange oils |
| 1 Does lemon oil obtained by distillation conformed to pharmaceutical standards.? 2 What is the use of distilled oil of lemon? | 1 Yes 2 Cleansing, Astringent, Relief of cold symptoms |
| Name the kinds of eucalyptus oils available in commerce. What are the chief constituents of each kind? Give at least two species yielding each type of oil. | Eucalyptus globulus oil (oxide &monoterpene) Eucalyptus Radiata oil (oxides&monoterpenol) Eucalyptus citriodora oil (aldehyde) Eucalyptus dives oil (ketone&monoterpene) |
| 1 Give the botanical garden and habitat of Canella bark. 2 What other names are used for this drug? 3 What are the principal constituents of its oil and what is the bark used for? | 1 native to the Caribbean from the Florida Keys to Barbados. 2 Cinnamon bark, Wild cinnamon 3) 1,8 cineole, terpinen-4-ol, a terpinyl acetate, a terpinol. Uses: Tonic, for toothaches, for cold, for blood circulation |
| What is Bay Laurel? Give the botanical origin, habitat, and uses. | Aromatic evergreen plant with glabrous leaves Belongs to the family Lauraceae Native to the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, the Middle East, Western Asia, and North Africa |
| 1 What other volatile oil contains safrole as the principal ingredient? 2 What precautions should you take regarding its use? | 1 Brown camphor oil, Yellow camphor oil 2 Not to be used on broken skin or injured skin because its toxicity will be absorbed. Can cause respiratory problems such as coughing and wheezing when inhaled |
| Name other natural sources of camphor | Obtained from Borneo Camphor Tree, East African Camphor Wood Tree, Camphor Laurel Tree |
| List other official and non ofiicial preparations containing camphor as an ingredient. What is each preparation used for? | Tiger balm, analgesic Vicks, cough reliever Bengay, pain and aches Icy hot, pain reliever Biofreeze, pain reliever |
| What is Blue Flag? Where is its habitat, and what is its active constituent? | 1 A native herb found in eastern and central canada. People use blue flag for conditions such as bloating, swelling (inflammation), fluid retention, liver problems 2 Triterpinoids, Oleoresin, salicylic acid, isophthalic acid |
| Describe the process enfleurage | A technique that extracts scents and oils from plants. The advantage of this technique is that even the most fragile plants can be used. |
| Give the rationale behind the absorption of essential oil in fats | Because of their solubility in the lipids found in the stratum corneum, lipophilic substances (such as essential oils) are considered to be easily absorbed. |
| Is a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate. | Glycosidic Linkages |
| Characteristics of Peptide bond | It is planar (the atoms in the bond lie on the same plane) It is achiral ( does not have a mirror image) It is relatively rigid It is polar It is good hydrogen bond donor |
| Characteristic of Resins | Hard, transparent or translucent |
| The color formed is due to the reaction of protein with alkaline copper in the reagent | Folin –Ciocalteu Test |
| This test involves the nitration of the benzene nucleus in the protein molecule. Tyrosine, phenylalanine, and to some extent, tryptophan, are responsible for this reaction. | Xanthoproteic Reaction |
| Properties of Alkaloids | Basic, Bitter taste, Heterocyclic structure. are naturally occurring organic compounds containing one or more nitrogen atoms, frequently in a heterocyclic ring, which possess marked physiologic activity |
| This method is for separating insoluble particles and extraneous matter from the extraction mixture and producing a clear extract. | Microfiltration |
| Is a method of separating the components of a liquid mixture based on their boiling points. | Distillation |
| In the method of __, applicable to fresh plant drugs (peppermint, spearmint), the crop is cut and placed directly into a metal distilling tank on a truck bed. | Direct steam distillation |
| Characteristics of Volatile Oils | Odorous principle found in various plant parts Evaporate when exposed to the air at ordinary temperatures, Are called volatile oils, ethereal oils, or essential oils. possess characteristic odors Optically active Immiscible with water Soluble in ether, alcohol, and most of the organic solvents. Their specific rotation is often a valuable diagnostic property |
| Volatile oil may occur in specialized secretory structures: | 1 Glandular hairs (Lamiaceae) 2 Modified parenchymal cells (Piperaceae) 3 Oil-tubes called vittae (Apiaceae) 4 Lysigenous or, Schizogenous passages (Pinaceae,Rutaceae) |
| Chemical constituents of volatile oil and spices may be divided into two broad classes, based on their biosynthetic origin | (1) terpenoid derivatives formed via acetate-mevalonic acid pathway (2) aromatic compounds formed via the shikimic acid-phenylpropanoid. |
| Sources of Chili - USP 25 | Capsicum annuum Capsicum frutescens Capsicum chinense Capsicum pubescens |
| What causes rancidity of Fixed Oil | Exposure to oxygen, presence of light, high temperature, and presence of moisture |
| Chief source of citral | Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) |
| Characteristic of Gum | 1 Hydrophilic 2 Viscous |
| What is albumin ( in plants and its proteins) | Are probably not storage proteins Are characterized by solubility in water and in dilute aqueous solutions of salts, acids, and alkalies. And by heat coagulability. They are precipitated from solution by a saturated solution of ammonium sulphate or similar electrolyte. Proteins in this class are found widely distributed in living material. Many have been obtained in crystalline form. The beta-amylase of barley and legumelin of soybean and examples of plant albumins. The toxic principles of some seed are albumins, e.g., oxins of castor bean. |