A-Level Physics
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| What is the SI unit for mass? | Kilograms (kg) |
| What is the SI unit for mass? | Kilogram (kg). |
| The SI unit for length is metres (m). | Length (l) |
| The SI unit for length is the metre (m). | Length (l) |
| What is the SI unit for length? | Metre (m). |
| What is the SI unit for length? | Metres (m) |
| The SI unit for time is seconds. | Time (t) |
| What is the SI unit for time? | Seconds (s) |
| What is the SI unit for time? | Second (s). |
| The SI unit for the amount of substance is moles (mol). | Amount of substance (n) |
| The SI unit for the amount of substance is the mole (mol). | Amount of Substance (n) |
| The SI unit for temperature is the kelvin (K). | Temperature (T) |
| The SI unit for temperature is kelvin. | Temperature (t) |
| What is the SI unit for temperature? | Kelvin (K). |
| The SI unit for electric current is the ampere (A). | Electric Current (I) |
| What is the SI unit for electric current? | Ampere (A). |
| What is the SI unit of force derived from F = ma? | Kg·m·s⁻², also known as Newton (N). |
| What is the SI unit of charge derived from Q = I·t? | A·s (ampere-seconds). |
| Some examples using prefixes: | Examples of Prefixes |
| To convert mega electron volts (MeV) to electron volts (eV), multiply by 10^6. | Conversion of MeV to eV |
| How do you convert mega electron volts (MeV) to electron volts (eV)? | Multiply by 10^6. |
| To convert electron volts (eV) to joules (J), multiply by 1.6×10^-19. | Conversion of eV to Joules |
| How do you convert electron volts (eV) to joules (J)? | Multiply by 1.6×10^-19. |
| To convert 76 MeV to joules, first convert to eV by multiplying by 10^6 then to joules by multiplying by 1.6×10^-19. Result: 1.216 times 10^{-11} J. | Conversion Example (MeV to Joules) |
| How do you convert 76 MeV to joules? | First convert to eV by multiplying by 10^6 then to joules by multiplying by 1.6×10^-19. Result: 1.216 times 10^{-11} J. |
| To convert kilowatt hours (kWh) to joules (J), use the formula: 1 kWh = 1000 J/s × 3600 s = 3.6×10^6 J. | Conversion of kWh to Joules |
| How do you convert 1 kWh to joules? | Use the formula: 1 kWh = 1000 J/s × 3600 s = 3.6×10^6 J, or 3.6 MJ. |
| Orders of magnitude are powers of ten used to describe the size of an object and to compare sizes of different objects. | Orders of Magnitude |
| What are orders of magnitude used for? | They describe the size of an object and compare sizes of different objects. |
| The diameter of nuclei is typically around 10^−14 meters. | Diameter of Nuclei |
| 100 m is two orders of magnitude greater than 1 m. | Comparing Orders of Magnitude |
| How many orders of magnitude is 100 m greater than 1 m? | Two orders of magnitude. |
| To give a value to the nearest order of magnitude, calculate the value and express it as a power of ten. | Approximating Orders of Magnitude |
| How do you approximate a value to the nearest order of magnitude? | Calculate the value and express it as a power of ten. |
| To find the approximate area of a spherical object (like a hydrogen atom), use the formula A=πr^2 | Estimating Area (Example) |
| How do you estimate the area of a spherical object to the nearest order of magnitude? | Use A=πr^2 and express the result as a power of ten. |
| For a hydrogen atom with a diameter of 1.06 x 10^-10 m, the area is 8.82 x 10^-21 m² = 1 x 10^-20 | Example Calculation |
| Estimation helps physicists approximate physical quantities for comparison or to check if calculated values are reasonable. | Importance of Estimation |
| Why is estimation important in physics? | It helps approximate values for comparison or to verify if calculated values are reasonable. |
| What is the amplitude of a wave? | The amplitude is a wave’s maximum displacement from the equilibrium position (units are m). |
| The frequency, f is the number of complete oscillations passing through a point per second (units are Hz). | Frequency, f |
| What does the wavelength, λ of a wave represent? | The wavelength, λ is the length of one whole oscillation (e.g., the distance between successive peaks or troughs) (units are m). |
| What is phase in the context of a wave? | Phase is the position of a certain point on a wave cycle (units are radians, degrees, or fractions of a cycle). |
| What does the period, T of a wave measure? | The period, T is the time taken for one full oscillation (units are s). |
| What must two points have to be in phase? | Same displacement, velocity, frequency, and wavelength (not amplitude). |
| Two points are completely out of phase when they are an odd integer of half cycles apart, e.g. 5 half cycles apart (1 half cycle = 180° or π radians). | Completely Out of Phase |
| When are two points completely out of phase? | When they are an odd integer of half cycles apart, e.g., 180° apart. |
| The speed of a wave is equal to its frequency multiplied by its wavelength: c = fλ | Wave Speed Equation |
| The frequency of a wave is equal to 1 divided by its period:f = 1/T | Frequency and Period |
| In transverse waves, the oscillation of particles (or fields) is at right angles to the direction of energy transfer. | Transverse Waves |
| What kind of waves are all electromagnetic (EM) waves, and what is their speed in a vacuum? | EM waves are transverse and travel at 3 x 10⁸ m/s in a vacuum. |
| Transverse waves can be demonstrated by shaking a slinky vertically or through waves on a string attached to a signal generator. | Demonstrating Transverse Waves |
| In which direction do particles oscillate in longitudinal waves? | In longitudinal waves, particles oscillate parallel to the direction of energy transfer. |
| Longitudinal waves are made up of compressions and rarefactions and cannot travel in a vacuum. | Longitudinal Waves |
| Give an example of a longitudinal wave and how it can be demonstrated. | Sound is an example of a longitudinal wave, and it can be demonstrated by pushing a slinky horizontally. |
| A polarised wave oscillates in only one plane (e.g., only up and down). Only transverse waves can be polarised. | Polarised Wave |
| What evidence does polarisation provide for the nature of transverse waves? | Polarisation shows that transverse waves oscillate perpendicular to their direction of travel, as only transverse waves can be polarised. |
| Polaroid sunglasses reduce glare by blocking partially polarised light reflected from water and tarmac. They only allow oscillations in the plane of the filter | Polaroid Sunglasses |
| How are TV and radio signals related to polarisation? | TV and radio signals are usually plane-polarised by the orientation of the rods on the transmitting aerial. The receiving aerial must be aligned in the same plane to receive the signal at full strength. |
| What is superposition? | The combination of two waves' displacements to form a resultant displacement. |
| Occurs when two waves have displacements in the same direction, resulting in a larger wave. | Constructive Interference |
| When does constructive interference happen? | When two waves have displacements in the same direction. |
| Happens when one wave has positive displacement and the other has negative. Equal and opposite displacements cause total cancellation. | Destructive Interference |
| What is destructive interference? | When one wave's displacement is positive and the other's is negative. If equal, total cancellation occurs. |
| Formed by two progressive waves moving in opposite directions with the same frequency, wavelength, and amplitude. | Stationary Wave |
| How does a stationary wave form? | By two progressive waves moving in opposite directions with the same frequency, wavelength, and amplitude. |
| No energy is transferred by a stationary wave. | Energy Transfer in Stationary Waves |
| Is energy transferred by a stationary wave? | No, energy is not transferred by a stationary wave. |
| Where are antinodes formed in a stationary wave? | Antinodes are formed where the waves meet in phase, resulting in regions of maximum amplitude. |
| What are nodes in a stationary wave? | Nodes are regions of no displacement formed where the waves meet completely out of phase during destructive interference. |
| How is a stationary wave formed on a string? | A stationary wave is formed when a wave traveling down a string is reflected at the fixed end and travels back, causing superposition of the waves with the same wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. |
| What is the first harmonic in a stationary wave? | The lowest frequency with two nodes and a single antinode, where the distance between adjacent nodes (or antinodes) is half a wavelength. |
| The formula for calculating frequency is: where L is the length of the string, T is the tension, and μ is the mass per unit length. | Frequency Calculation |
| For the nth harmonic, the frequency is n times the first harmonic frequency, with n antinodes. | Harmonics |
| How do you find the frequency of the nth harmonic? | Multiply the first harmonic frequency by n, where n represents the number of antinodes. |